Release: 2.0.38 | Release Date: February 6, 2025

# SQLAlchemy 2.0 Documentation

# Core Internals

Some key internal constructs are listed here.

Object Name | Description
--- | ---
AdaptedConnection | Interface of an adapted connection object to support the DBAPI protocol.
BindTyping | Define different methods of passing typing information for bound parameters in a statement to the database driver.
Compiled | Represent a compiled SQL or DDL expression.
DBAPIConnection | protocol representing a PEP 249 database connection.
DBAPICursor | protocol representing a PEP 249 database cursor.
DBAPIType | protocol representing a PEP 249 database type.
DDLCompiler |
DefaultDialect | Default implementation of Dialect
DefaultExecutionContext |
Dialect | Define the behavior of a specific database and DB-API combination.
ExecutionContext | A messenger object for a Dialect that corresponds to a single execution.
ExpandedState | represents state to use when producing “expanded” and “post compile” bound parameters for a statement.
GenericTypeCompiler |
Identified |
IdentifierPreparer | Handle quoting and case-folding of identifiers based on options.
SQLCompiler | Default implementation of `Compiled`.
StrSQLCompiler | A `SQLCompiler` subclass which allows a small selection of non-standard SQL features to render into a string value.

class sqlalchemy.engine.BindTyping

  Define different methods of passing typing information for bound parameters in a statement to the database driver.

  New in version 2.0.

  Members

  NONE, RENDER_CASTS, SETINPUTSIZES

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.engine.BindTyping` (`enum.Enum`)

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.BindTyping.` NONE = 1

    No steps are taken to pass typing information to the database driver.

    This is the default behavior for databases such as SQLite, MySQL / MariaDB, SQL Server.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.BindTyping.` RENDER_CASTS = 3

    Render casts or other directives in the SQL string.

    This method is used for all PostgreSQL dialects, including asyncpg, pg8000, psycopg, psycopg2. Dialects which implement this can choose which kinds of datatypes are explicitly cast in SQL statements and which aren’t.

    When RENDER_CASTS is used, the compiler will invoke the `SQLCompiler.render_bind_cast()` method for the rendered string representation of each `BindParameter` object whose dialect-level type sets the `TypeEngine.render_bind_cast` attribute.

    The `SQLCompiler.render_bind_cast()` is also used to render casts for one form of “insertmanyvalues” query, when both `InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.USE_INSERT_FROM_SELECT` and `InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.RENDER_SELECT_COL_CASTS` are set, where the casts are applied to the intermediary columns e.g. “INSERT INTO t (a, b, c) SELECT p0::TYP, p1::TYP, p2::TYP ” “FROM (VALUES (?, ?), (?, ?), …)”.

    New in version 2.0.10: - `SQLCompiler.render_bind_cast()` is now used within some elements of the “insertmanyvalues” implementation.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.BindTyping.` SETINPUTSIZES = 2

    Use the pep-249 setinputsizes method.

    This is only implemented for DBAPIs that support this method and for which the SQLAlchemy dialect has the appropriate infrastructure for that dialect set up. Current dialects include python-oracledb, cx_Oracle as well as optional support for SQL Server using pyodbc.

    When using setinputsizes, dialects also have a means of only using the method for certain datatypes using include/exclude lists.

    When SETINPUTSIZES is used, the `Dialect.do_set_input_sizes()` method is called for each statement executed which has bound parameters.

class sqlalchemy.engine.Compiled

  Represent a compiled SQL or DDL expression.

  Members

  __init__(), cache_key, compile_state, construct_params(), dml_compile_state, execution_options, params, sql_compiler, state, statement, string

  The `__str__` method of the `Compiled` object should produce the actual text of the statement. `Compiled` objects are specific to their underlying database dialect, and also may or may not be specific to the columns referenced within a particular set of bind parameters. In no case should the `Compiled` object be dependent on the actual values of those bind parameters, even though it may reference those values as defaults.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Compiled.` __init__(dialect: Dialect, statement: ClauseElement | None, schema_translate_map: SchemaTranslateMapType | None = None, render_schema_translate: bool = False, compile_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] = {})

    Construct a new `Compiled` object.

    Parameters:

      - dialect – `Dialect` to compile against.

      - statement – `ClauseElement` to be compiled.

      - schema_translate_map –

        dictionary of schema names to be translated when forming the resultant SQL

        See also

        Translation of Schema Names

      - compile_kwargs – additional kwargs that will be passed to the initial call to `Compiled.process()`.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Compiled.` cache_key: CacheKey | None = None

    The `CacheKey` that was generated ahead of creating this `Compiled` object.

    This is used for routines that need access to the original `CacheKey` instance generated when the `Compiled` instance was first cached, typically in order to reconcile the original list of `BindParameter` objects with a per-statement list that’s generated on each call.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Compiled.` compile_state: CompileState | None = None

    Optional `CompileState` object that maintains additional state used by the compiler.

    Major executable objects such as `Insert`, `Update`, `Delete`, `Select` will generate this state when compiled in order to calculate additional information about the object. For the top level object that is to be executed, the state can be stored here where it can also have applicability towards result set processing.

    New in version 1.4.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Compiled.` construct_params(params: _CoreSingleExecuteParams | None = None, extracted_parameters: Sequence [ BindParameter [Any]] | None = None, escape_names: bool = True) → _MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams | None

    Return the bind params for this compiled object.

    Parameters:

      params – a dict of string/object pairs whose values will override bind values compiled in to the statement.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Compiled.` dml_compile_state: CompileState | None = None

    Optional `CompileState` assigned at the same point that .isinsert, .isupdate, or .isdelete is assigned.

    This will normally be the same object as .compile_state, with the exception of cases like the `ORMFromStatementCompileState` object.

    New in version 1.4.40.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Compiled.` execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = {}

    Execution options propagated from the statement. In some cases, sub-elements of the statement can modify these.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Compiled.` params

    Return the bind params for this compiled object.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Compiled.` sql_compiler

    Return a Compiled that is capable of processing SQL expressions.

    If this compiler is one, it would likely just return ‘self’.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Compiled.` state: CompilerState

    description of the compiler’s state

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Compiled.` statement: ClauseElement | None = None

    The statement to compile.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Compiled.` string: str = ''

    The string representation of the `statement`

class sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPIConnection

  protocol representing a PEP 249 database connection.

  New in version 2.0.

  See also

  Connection Objects - in PEP 249

  Members

  autocommit, close(), commit(), cursor(), rollback()

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPIConnection` (`typing_extensions.Protocol`)

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPIConnection.` autocommit: bool
  method `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPIConnection.` close() → None
  method `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPIConnection.` commit() → None
  method `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPIConnection.` cursor() → DBAPICursor
  method `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPIConnection.` rollback() → None

class sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor

  protocol representing a PEP 249 database cursor.

  New in version 2.0.

  See also

  Cursor Objects - in PEP 249

  Members

  arraysize, callproc(), close(), description, execute(), executemany(), fetchall(), fetchmany(), fetchone(), lastrowid, nextset(), rowcount, setinputsizes(), setoutputsize()

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor` (`typing_extensions.Protocol`)

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor.` arraysize: int
  method `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor.` callproc(procname: str, parameters: Sequence[Any] = Ellipsis) → Any
  method `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor.` close() → None
  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor.` description

    The description attribute of the Cursor.

    See also

    cursor.description - in PEP 249

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor.` execute(operation: Any, parameters: Sequence[Any] | Mapping[str, Any] | None = None) → Any
  method `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor.` executemany(operation: Any, parameters: Sequence[Sequence[Any]] | Sequence[Mapping[str, Any]]) → Any
  method `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor.` fetchall() → Sequence[Any]
  method `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor.` fetchmany(size: int = Ellipsis) → Sequence[Any]
  method `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor.` fetchone() → Any | None
  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor.` lastrowid: int
  method `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor.` nextset() → bool | None
  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor.` rowcount
  method `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor.` setinputsizes(sizes: Sequence[Any]) → None
  method `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPICursor.` setoutputsize(size: Any, column: Any) → None

class sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPIType

  protocol representing a PEP 249 database type.

  New in version 2.0.

  See also

  Type Objects - in PEP 249

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.DBAPIType` (`typing_extensions.Protocol`)

class sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler

  Members

  __init__(), cache_key, compile_state, construct_params(), define_constraint_remote_table(), dml_compile_state, execution_options, params, sql_compiler, state, statement, string

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler` (`sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.Compiled`)

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler.` __init__(dialect: Dialect, statement: ClauseElement | None, schema_translate_map: SchemaTranslateMapType | None = None, render_schema_translate: bool = False, compile_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] = {})

    inherited from the `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.Compiled.__init__` method of `Compiled`

    Construct a new `Compiled` object.

    Parameters:

      - dialect – `Dialect` to compile against.

      - statement – `ClauseElement` to be compiled.

      - schema_translate_map –

        dictionary of schema names to be translated when forming the resultant SQL

        See also

        Translation of Schema Names

      - compile_kwargs – additional kwargs that will be passed to the initial call to `Compiled.process()`.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler.` cache_key: CacheKey | None = None

    inherited from the `Compiled.cache_key` attribute of `Compiled`

    The `CacheKey` that was generated ahead of creating this `Compiled` object.

    This is used for routines that need access to the original `CacheKey` instance generated when the `Compiled` instance was first cached, typically in order to reconcile the original list of `BindParameter` objects with a per-statement list that’s generated on each call.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler.` compile_state: CompileState | None = None

    inherited from the `Compiled.compile_state` attribute of `Compiled`

    Optional `CompileState` object that maintains additional state used by the compiler.

    Major executable objects such as `Insert`, `Update`, `Delete`, `Select` will generate this state when compiled in order to calculate additional information about the object. For the top level object that is to be executed, the state can be stored here where it can also have applicability towards result set processing.

    New in version 1.4.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler.` construct_params(params: _CoreSingleExecuteParams | None = None, extracted_parameters: Sequence [ BindParameter [Any]] | None = None, escape_names: bool = True) → _MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams | None

    Return the bind params for this compiled object.

    Parameters:

      params – a dict of string/object pairs whose values will override bind values compiled in to the statement.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler.` define_constraint_remote_table(constraint, table, preparer)

    Format the remote table clause of a CREATE CONSTRAINT clause.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler.` dml_compile_state: CompileState | None = None

    inherited from the `Compiled.dml_compile_state` attribute of `Compiled`

    Optional `CompileState` assigned at the same point that .isinsert, .isupdate, or .isdelete is assigned.

    This will normally be the same object as .compile_state, with the exception of cases like the `ORMFromStatementCompileState` object.

    New in version 1.4.40.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler.` execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = {}

    inherited from the `Compiled.execution_options` attribute of `Compiled`

    Execution options propagated from the statement. In some cases, sub-elements of the statement can modify these.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler.` params

    inherited from the `Compiled.params` attribute of `Compiled`

    Return the bind params for this compiled object.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler.` sql_compiler
  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler.` state: CompilerState

    description of the compiler’s state

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler.` statement: ClauseElement | None = None

    inherited from the `Compiled.statement` attribute of `Compiled`

    The statement to compile.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler.` string: str = ''

    inherited from the `Compiled.string` attribute of `Compiled`

    The string representation of the `statement`

class sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect

  Default implementation of Dialect

  Members

  bind_typing, colspecs, connect(), construct_arguments, create_connect_args(), create_xid(), cte_follows_insert, dbapi, dbapi_exception_translation_map, ddl_compiler, default_isolation_level, default_metavalue_token, default_schema_name, default_sequence_base, delete_executemany_returning, delete_returning, delete_returning_multifrom, denormalize_name(), div_is_floordiv, do_begin(), do_begin_twophase(), do_close(), do_commit(), do_commit_twophase(), do_execute(), do_execute_no_params(), do_executemany(), do_ping(), do_prepare_twophase(), do_recover_twophase(), do_release_savepoint(), do_rollback(), do_rollback_to_savepoint(), do_rollback_twophase(), do_savepoint(), do_set_input_sizes(), do_terminate(), driver, engine_config_types, engine_created(), exclude_set_input_sizes, execute_sequence_format, execution_ctx_cls, favor_returning_over_lastrowid, full_returning, get_async_dialect_cls(), get_check_constraints(), get_columns(), get_default_isolation_level(), get_dialect_cls(), get_dialect_pool_class(), get_driver_connection(), get_foreign_keys(), get_indexes(), get_isolation_level(), get_isolation_level_values(), get_materialized_view_names(), get_multi_check_constraints(), get_multi_columns(), get_multi_foreign_keys(), get_multi_indexes(), get_multi_pk_constraint(), get_multi_table_comment(), get_multi_table_options(), get_multi_unique_constraints(), get_pk_constraint(), get_schema_names(), get_sequence_names(), get_table_comment(), get_table_names(), get_table_options(), get_temp_table_names(), get_temp_view_names(), get_unique_constraints(), get_view_definition(), get_view_names(), has_index(), has_schema(), has_sequence(), has_table(), has_terminate, identifier_preparer, import_dbapi(), include_set_input_sizes, initialize(), inline_comments, insert_executemany_returning, insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order, insert_returning, insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel, insertmanyvalues_max_parameters, insertmanyvalues_page_size, is_async, is_disconnect(), label_length, load_provisioning(), loaded_dbapi, max_identifier_length, name, normalize_name(), on_connect(), on_connect_url(), paramstyle, positional, preexecute_autoincrement_sequences, preparer, reflection_options, reset_isolation_level(), returns_native_bytes, sequences_optional, server_side_cursors, server_version_info, set_connection_execution_options(), set_engine_execution_options(), set_isolation_level(), statement_compiler, supports_alter, supports_comments, supports_constraint_comments, supports_default_metavalue, supports_default_values, supports_empty_insert, supports_identity_columns, supports_multivalues_insert, supports_native_boolean, supports_native_decimal, supports_native_enum, supports_native_uuid, supports_sane_multi_rowcount, supports_sane_rowcount, supports_sane_rowcount_returning, supports_sequences, supports_server_side_cursors, supports_simple_order_by_label, supports_statement_cache, tuple_in_values, type_compiler, type_compiler_cls, type_compiler_instance, type_descriptor(), update_executemany_returning, update_returning, update_returning_multifrom, use_insertmanyvalues, use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect` (`sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`)

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` bind_typing = 1

    define a means of passing typing information to the database and/or driver for bound parameters.

    See `BindTyping` for values.

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` colspecs: MutableMapping[Type[ TypeEngine [Any]], Type[ TypeEngine [Any]]] = {}

    A dictionary of TypeEngine classes from sqlalchemy.types mapped to subclasses that are specific to the dialect class. This dictionary is class-level only and is not accessed from the dialect instance itself.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` connect(*cargs, **cparams)

    Establish a connection using this dialect’s DBAPI.

    The default implementation of this method is:

        def connect(self, *cargs, **cparams):
            return self.dbapi.connect(*cargs, **cparams)

    The `*cargs, **cparams` parameters are generated directly from this dialect’s `Dialect.create_connect_args()` method.

    This method may be used for dialects that need to perform programmatic per-connection steps when a new connection is procured from the DBAPI.

    Parameters:

      - *cargs – positional parameters returned from the `Dialect.create_connect_args()` method

      - **cparams – keyword parameters returned from the `Dialect.create_connect_args()` method.

    Returns:

      a DBAPI connection, typically from the PEP 249 module level `.connect()` function.

    See also

    `Dialect.create_connect_args()`

    `Dialect.on_connect()`

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` construct_arguments: List[ Tuple [Type[ SchemaItem | ClauseElement ], Mapping[str, Any]]] | None = None

    inherited from the `Dialect.construct_arguments` attribute of `Dialect`

    Optional set of argument specifiers for various SQLAlchemy constructs, typically schema items.

    To implement, establish as a series of tuples, as in:

        construct_arguments = [
            (schema.Index, {"using": False, "where": None, "ops": None}),
        ]

    If the above construct is established on the PostgreSQL dialect, the `Index` construct will now accept the keyword arguments `postgresql_using`, `postgresql_where`, nad `postgresql_ops`. Any other argument specified to the constructor of `Index` which is prefixed with `postgresql_` will raise `ArgumentError`.

    A dialect which does not include a `construct_arguments` member will not participate in the argument validation system. For such a dialect, any argument name is accepted by all participating constructs, within the namespace of arguments prefixed with that dialect name. The rationale here is so that third-party dialects that haven’t yet implemented this feature continue to function in the old way.

    See also

    `DialectKWArgs` - implementing base class which consumes `DefaultDialect.construct_arguments`

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` create_connect_args(url)

    Build DB-API compatible connection arguments.

    Given a `URL` object, returns a tuple consisting of a `(*args, **kwargs)` suitable to send directly to the dbapi’s connect function. The arguments are sent to the `Dialect.connect()` method which then runs the DBAPI-level `connect()` function.

    The method typically makes use of the `URL.translate_connect_args()` method in order to generate a dictionary of options.

    The default implementation is:

        def create_connect_args(self, url):
            opts = url.translate_connect_args()
            opts.update(url.query)
            return ([], opts)

    Parameters:

      url – a `URL` object

    Returns:

      a tuple of `(*args, **kwargs)` which will be passed to the `Dialect.connect()` method.

    See also

    `URL.translate_connect_args()`

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` create_xid()

    Create a random two-phase transaction ID.

    This id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(), do_rollback_twophase(), do_commit_twophase(). Its format is unspecified.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` cte_follows_insert: bool = False

    target database, when given a CTE with an INSERT statement, needs the CTE to be below the INSERT

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` dbapi: ModuleType | None

    A reference to the DBAPI module object itself.

    SQLAlchemy dialects import DBAPI modules using the classmethod `Dialect.import_dbapi()`. The rationale is so that any dialect module can be imported and used to generate SQL statements without the need for the actual DBAPI driver to be installed. Only when an `Engine` is constructed using `create_engine()` does the DBAPI get imported; at that point, the creation process will assign the DBAPI module to this attribute.

    Dialects should therefore implement `Dialect.import_dbapi()` which will import the necessary module and return it, and then refer to `self.dbapi` in dialect code in order to refer to the DBAPI module contents.

    Changed in version The: `Dialect.dbapi` attribute is exclusively used as the per-`Dialect`-instance reference to the DBAPI module. The previous not-fully-documented `.Dialect.dbapi()` classmethod is deprecated and replaced by `Dialect.import_dbapi()`.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` dbapi_exception_translation_map: Mapping[str, str] = {}

    inherited from the `Dialect.dbapi_exception_translation_map` attribute of `Dialect`

    A dictionary of names that will contain as values the names of pep-249 exceptions (“IntegrityError”, “OperationalError”, etc) keyed to alternate class names, to support the case where a DBAPI has exception classes that aren’t named as they are referred to (e.g. IntegrityError = MyException). In the vast majority of cases this dictionary is empty.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` ddl_compiler

    alias of `DDLCompiler`

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` default_isolation_level: IsolationLevel | None

    the isolation that is implicitly present on new connections

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` default_metavalue_token: str = 'DEFAULT'

    for INSERT… VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax, the token to put in the parenthesis.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` default_schema_name: str | None = None

    the name of the default schema. This value is only available for supporting dialects, and is typically populated during the initial connection to the database.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` default_sequence_base: int = 1

    the default value that will be rendered as the “START WITH” portion of a CREATE SEQUENCE DDL statement.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` delete_executemany_returning: bool = False

    dialect supports DELETE..RETURNING with executemany.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` delete_returning: bool = False

    if the dialect supports RETURNING with DELETE

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` delete_returning_multifrom: bool = False

    if the dialect supports RETURNING with DELETE..FROM

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` denormalize_name(name)

    convert the given name to a case insensitive identifier for the backend if it is an all-lowercase name.

    This method is only used if the dialect defines requires_name_normalize=True.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` div_is_floordiv: bool = True

    target database treats the / division operator as “floor division”

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_begin(dbapi_connection)

    Provide an implementation of `connection.begin()`, given a DB-API connection.

    The DBAPI has no dedicated “begin” method and it is expected that transactions are implicit. This hook is provided for those DBAPIs that might need additional help in this area.

    Parameters:

      dbapi_connection – a DBAPI connection, typically proxied within a `ConnectionFairy`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_begin_twophase(connection: Connection, xid: Any) → None

    inherited from the `Dialect.do_begin_twophase()` method of `Dialect`

    Begin a two phase transaction on the given connection.

    Parameters:

      - connection – a `Connection`.

      - xid – xid

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_close(dbapi_connection)

    Provide an implementation of `connection.close()`, given a DBAPI connection.

    This hook is called by the `Pool` when a connection has been detached from the pool, or is being returned beyond the normal capacity of the pool.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_commit(dbapi_connection)

    Provide an implementation of `connection.commit()`, given a DB-API connection.

    Parameters:

      dbapi_connection – a DBAPI connection, typically proxied within a `ConnectionFairy`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_commit_twophase(connection: Connection, xid: Any, is_prepared: bool = True, recover: bool = False) → None

    inherited from the `Dialect.do_commit_twophase()` method of `Dialect`

    Commit a two phase transaction on the given connection.

    Parameters:

      - connection – a `Connection`.

      - xid – xid

      - is_prepared – whether or not `TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare()` was called.

      - recover – if the recover flag was passed.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_execute(cursor, statement, parameters, context=None)

    Provide an implementation of `cursor.execute(statement, parameters)`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_execute_no_params(cursor, statement, context=None)

    Provide an implementation of `cursor.execute(statement)`.

    The parameter collection should not be sent.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_executemany(cursor, statement, parameters, context=None)

    Provide an implementation of `cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_ping(dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection ) → bool

    ping the DBAPI connection and return True if the connection is usable.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_prepare_twophase(connection: Connection, xid: Any) → None

    inherited from the `Dialect.do_prepare_twophase()` method of `Dialect`

    Prepare a two phase transaction on the given connection.

    Parameters:

      - connection – a `Connection`.

      - xid – xid

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_recover_twophase(connection: Connection ) → List[Any]

    inherited from the `Dialect.do_recover_twophase()` method of `Dialect`

    Recover list of uncommitted prepared two phase transaction identifiers on the given connection.

    Parameters:

      connection – a `Connection`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_release_savepoint(connection, name)

    Release the named savepoint on a connection.

    Parameters:

      - connection – a `Connection`.

      - name – savepoint name.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_rollback(dbapi_connection)

    Provide an implementation of `connection.rollback()`, given a DB-API connection.

    Parameters:

      dbapi_connection – a DBAPI connection, typically proxied within a `ConnectionFairy`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_rollback_to_savepoint(connection, name)

    Rollback a connection to the named savepoint.

    Parameters:

      - connection – a `Connection`.

      - name – savepoint name.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_rollback_twophase(connection: Connection, xid: Any, is_prepared: bool = True, recover: bool = False) → None

    inherited from the `Dialect.do_rollback_twophase()` method of `Dialect`

    Rollback a two phase transaction on the given connection.

    Parameters:

      - connection – a `Connection`.

      - xid – xid

      - is_prepared – whether or not `TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare()` was called.

      - recover – if the recover flag was passed.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_savepoint(connection, name)

    Create a savepoint with the given name.

    Parameters:

      - connection – a `Connection`.

      - name – savepoint name.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_set_input_sizes(cursor: DBAPICursor, list_of_tuples: _GenericSetInputSizesType, context: ExecutionContext ) → Any

    inherited from the `Dialect.do_set_input_sizes()` method of `Dialect`

    invoke the cursor.setinputsizes() method with appropriate arguments

    This hook is called if the `Dialect.bind_typing` attribute is set to the `BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES` value. Parameter data is passed in a list of tuples (paramname, dbtype, sqltype), where `paramname` is the key of the parameter in the statement, `dbtype` is the DBAPI datatype and `sqltype` is the SQLAlchemy type. The order of tuples is in the correct parameter order.

    New in version 1.4.

    Changed in version 2.0: - setinputsizes mode is now enabled by setting `Dialect.bind_typing` to `BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES`. Dialects which accept a `use_setinputsizes` parameter should set this value appropriately.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` do_terminate(dbapi_connection)

    Provide an implementation of `connection.close()` that tries as much as possible to not block, given a DBAPI connection.

    In the vast majority of cases this just calls .close(), however for some asyncio dialects may call upon different API features.

    This hook is called by the `Pool` when a connection is being recycled or has been invalidated.

    New in version 1.4.41.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` driver: str

    identifying name for the dialect’s DBAPI

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` engine_config_types: Mapping[str, Any] = {'echo': <function bool_or_str.<locals>.bool_or_value>, 'echo_pool': <function bool_or_str.<locals>.bool_or_value>, 'future': <function asbool>, 'max_overflow': <function asint>, 'pool_recycle': <function asint>, 'pool_size': <function asint>, 'pool_timeout': <function asint>}

    a mapping of string keys that can be in an engine config linked to type conversion functions.

  classmethod `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` engine_created(engine: Engine ) → None

    inherited from the `Dialect.engine_created()` method of `Dialect`

    A convenience hook called before returning the final `Engine`.

    If the dialect returned a different class from the `get_dialect_cls()` method, then the hook is called on both classes, first on the dialect class returned by the `get_dialect_cls()` method and then on the class on which the method was called.

    The hook should be used by dialects and/or wrappers to apply special events to the engine or its components. In particular, it allows a dialect-wrapping class to apply dialect-level events.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` exclude_set_input_sizes: Set[Any] | None = None

    set of DBAPI type objects that should be excluded in automatic cursor.setinputsizes() calls.

    This is only used if bind_typing is BindTyping.SET_INPUT_SIZES

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` execute_sequence_format

    alias of `tuple`

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` execution_ctx_cls

    alias of `DefaultExecutionContext`

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` favor_returning_over_lastrowid: bool = False

    for backends that support both a lastrowid and a RETURNING insert strategy, favor RETURNING for simple single-int pk inserts.

    cursor.lastrowid tends to be more performant on most backends.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` full_returning

    Deprecated since version 2.0: full_returning is deprecated, please use insert_returning, update_returning, delete_returning

  classmethod `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_async_dialect_cls(url: URL ) → Type[ Dialect ]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_async_dialect_cls()` method of `Dialect`

    Given a URL, return the `Dialect` that will be used by an async engine.

    By default this is an alias of `Dialect.get_dialect_cls()` and just returns the cls. It may be used if a dialect provides both a sync and async version under the same name, like the `psycopg` driver.

    New in version 2.

    See also

    `Dialect.get_dialect_cls()`

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_check_constraints(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[ ReflectedCheckConstraint ]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_check_constraints()` method of `Dialect`

    Return information about check constraints in `table_name`.

    Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return check constraint information as a list of dicts corresponding to the `ReflectedCheckConstraint` dictionary.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_check_constraints()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_columns(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[ ReflectedColumn ]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_columns()` method of `Dialect`

    Return information about columns in `table_name`.

    Given a `Connection`, a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return column information as a list of dictionaries corresponding to the `ReflectedColumn` dictionary.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_columns()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_default_isolation_level(dbapi_conn)

    Given a DBAPI connection, return its isolation level, or a default isolation level if one cannot be retrieved.

    May be overridden by subclasses in order to provide a “fallback” isolation level for databases that cannot reliably retrieve the actual isolation level.

    By default, calls the `Interfaces.get_isolation_level()` method, propagating any exceptions raised.

    New in version 1.3.22.

  classmethod `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_dialect_cls(url: URL ) → Type[ Dialect ]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_dialect_cls()` method of `Dialect`

    Given a URL, return the `Dialect` that will be used.

    This is a hook that allows an external plugin to provide functionality around an existing dialect, by allowing the plugin to be loaded from the url based on an entrypoint, and then the plugin returns the actual dialect to be used.

    By default this just returns the cls.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_dialect_pool_class(url: URL ) → Type[ Pool ]

    return a Pool class to use for a given URL

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_driver_connection(connection)

    Returns the connection object as returned by the external driver package.

    For normal dialects that use a DBAPI compliant driver this call will just return the `connection` passed as argument. For dialects that instead adapt a non DBAPI compliant driver, like when adapting an asyncio driver, this call will return the connection-like object as returned by the driver.

    New in version 1.4.24.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_foreign_keys(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[ ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint ]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_foreign_keys()` method of `Dialect`

    Return information about foreign_keys in `table_name`.

    Given a `Connection`, a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return foreign key information as a list of dicts corresponding to the `ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint` dictionary.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_foreign_keys()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_indexes(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[ ReflectedIndex ]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_indexes()` method of `Dialect`

    Return information about indexes in `table_name`.

    Given a `Connection`, a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return index information as a list of dictionaries corresponding to the `ReflectedIndex` dictionary.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_indexes()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_isolation_level(dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection ) → Literal['SERIALIZABLE', 'REPEATABLE READ', 'READ COMMITTED', 'READ UNCOMMITTED', 'AUTOCOMMIT']

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_isolation_level()` method of `Dialect`

    Given a DBAPI connection, return its isolation level.

    When working with a `Connection` object, the corresponding DBAPI connection may be procured using the `Connection.connection` accessor.

    Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part of the implementation of the `Connection` and `Engine` isolation level facilities; these APIs should be preferred for most typical use cases.

    See also

    `Connection.get_isolation_level()` - view current level

    `Connection.default_isolation_level` - view default level

    `Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` - set per `Connection` isolation level

    `create_engine.isolation_level` - set per `Engine` isolation level

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_isolation_level_values(dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection ) → List[Literal['SERIALIZABLE', 'REPEATABLE READ', 'READ COMMITTED', 'READ UNCOMMITTED', 'AUTOCOMMIT']]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_isolation_level_values()` method of `Dialect`

    return a sequence of string isolation level names that are accepted by this dialect.

    The available names should use the following conventions:

    - use UPPERCASE names. isolation level methods will accept lowercase names but these are normalized into UPPERCASE before being passed along to the dialect.

    - separate words should be separated by spaces, not underscores, e.g. `REPEATABLE READ`. isolation level names will have underscores converted to spaces before being passed along to the dialect.

    - The names for the four standard isolation names to the extent that they are supported by the backend should be `READ UNCOMMITTED`, `READ COMMITTED`, `REPEATABLE READ`, `SERIALIZABLE`

    - if the dialect supports an autocommit option it should be provided using the isolation level name `AUTOCOMMIT`.

    - Other isolation modes may also be present, provided that they are named in UPPERCASE and use spaces not underscores.

    This function is used so that the default dialect can check that a given isolation level parameter is valid, else raises an `ArgumentError`.

    A DBAPI connection is passed to the method, in the unlikely event that the dialect needs to interrogate the connection itself to determine this list, however it is expected that most backends will return a hardcoded list of values. If the dialect supports “AUTOCOMMIT”, that value should also be present in the sequence returned.

    The method raises `NotImplementedError` by default. If a dialect does not implement this method, then the default dialect will not perform any checking on a given isolation level value before passing it onto the `Dialect.set_isolation_level()` method. This is to allow backwards-compatibility with third party dialects that may not yet be implementing this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_materialized_view_names(connection: Connection, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[str]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` method of `Dialect`

    Return a list of all materialized view names available in the database.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_materialized_view_names()`.

    Parameters:

      schema –

      schema name to query, if not the default schema.

      New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_multi_check_constraints(connection, **kw)

    Return information about check constraints in all tables in the given `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_check_constraints()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_multi_columns(connection, **kw)

    Return information about columns in all tables in the given `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_columns()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_multi_foreign_keys(connection, **kw)

    Return information about foreign_keys in all tables in the given `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_foreign_keys()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_multi_indexes(connection, **kw)

    Return information about indexes in in all tables in the given `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_indexes()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_multi_pk_constraint(connection, **kw)

    Return information about primary key constraints in all tables in the given `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_pk_constraint()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_multi_table_comment(connection, **kw)

    Return information about the table comment in all tables in the given `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_table_comment()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_multi_table_options(connection, **kw)

    Return a dictionary of options specified when the tables in the given schema were created.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_table_options()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_multi_unique_constraints(connection, **kw)

    Return information about unique constraints in all tables in the given `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_unique_constraints()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_pk_constraint(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_pk_constraint()` method of `Dialect`

    Return information about the primary key constraint on table_name`.

    Given a `Connection`, a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return primary key information as a dictionary corresponding to the `ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint` dictionary.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_pk_constraint()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_schema_names(connection: Connection, **kw: Any) → List[str]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_schema_names()` method of `Dialect`

    Return a list of all schema names available in the database.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_schema_names()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_sequence_names(connection: Connection, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[str]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_sequence_names()` method of `Dialect`

    Return a list of all sequence names available in the database.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_sequence_names()`.

    Parameters:

      schema – schema name to query, if not the default schema.

    New in version 1.4.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_table_comment(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → ReflectedTableComment

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_table_comment()` method of `Dialect`

    Return the “comment” for the table identified by `table_name`.

    Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return table comment information as a dictionary corresponding to the `ReflectedTableComment` dictionary.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_table_comment()`.

    Raise:

      `NotImplementedError` for dialects that don’t support comments.

    New in version 1.2.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_table_names(connection: Connection, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[str]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_table_names()` method of `Dialect`

    Return a list of table names for `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_table_names()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_table_options(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → Dict[str, Any]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_table_options()` method of `Dialect`

    Return a dictionary of options specified when `table_name` was created.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_table_options()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_temp_table_names(connection: Connection, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[str]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_temp_table_names()` method of `Dialect`

    Return a list of temporary table names on the given connection, if supported by the underlying backend.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_temp_table_names()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_temp_view_names(connection: Connection, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[str]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_temp_view_names()` method of `Dialect`

    Return a list of temporary view names on the given connection, if supported by the underlying backend.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_temp_view_names()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_unique_constraints(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[ ReflectedUniqueConstraint ]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_unique_constraints()` method of `Dialect`

    Return information about unique constraints in `table_name`.

    Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return unique constraint information as a list of dicts corresponding to the `ReflectedUniqueConstraint` dictionary.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_unique_constraints()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_view_definition(connection: Connection, view_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → str

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_view_definition()` method of `Dialect`

    Return plain or materialized view definition.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_view_definition()`.

    Given a `Connection`, a string `view_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return the view definition.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` get_view_names(connection: Connection, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[str]

    inherited from the `Dialect.get_view_names()` method of `Dialect`

    Return a list of all non-materialized view names available in the database.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_view_names()`.

    Parameters:

      schema – schema name to query, if not the default schema.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` has_index(connection, table_name, index_name, schema=None, **kw)

    Check the existence of a particular index name in the database.

    Given a `Connection` object, a string `table_name` and string index name, return `True` if an index of the given name on the given table exists, `False` otherwise.

    The `DefaultDialect` implements this in terms of the `Dialect.has_table()` and `Dialect.get_indexes()` methods, however dialects can implement a more performant version.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.has_index()`.

    New in version 1.4.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` has_schema(connection: Connection, schema_name: str, **kw: Any) → bool

    Check the existence of a particular schema name in the database.

    Given a `Connection` object, a string `schema_name`, return `True` if a schema of the given exists, `False` otherwise.

    The `DefaultDialect` implements this by checking the presence of `schema_name` among the schemas returned by `Dialect.get_schema_names()`, however dialects can implement a more performant version.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.has_schema()`.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` has_sequence(connection: Connection, sequence_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → bool

    inherited from the `Dialect.has_sequence()` method of `Dialect`

    Check the existence of a particular sequence in the database.

    Given a `Connection` object and a string sequence_name, return `True` if the given sequence exists in the database, `False` otherwise.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.has_sequence()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` has_table(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → bool

    inherited from the `Dialect.has_table()` method of `Dialect`

    For internal dialect use, check the existence of a particular table or view in the database.

    Given a `Connection` object, a string table_name and optional schema name, return True if the given table exists in the database, False otherwise.

    This method serves as the underlying implementation of the public facing `Inspector.has_table()` method, and is also used internally to implement the “checkfirst” behavior for methods like `Table.create()` and `MetaData.create_all()`.

    Note

    This method is used internally by SQLAlchemy, and is published so that third-party dialects may provide an implementation. It is not the public API for checking for table presence. Please use the `Inspector.has_table()` method.

    Changed in version 2.0::: `Dialect.has_table()` now formally supports checking for additional table-like objects:

    - any type of views (plain or materialized)

    - temporary tables of any kind

    Previously, these two checks were not formally specified and different dialects would vary in their behavior. The dialect testing suite now includes tests for all of these object types, and dialects to the degree that the backing database supports views or temporary tables should seek to support locating these objects for full compliance.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` has_terminate: bool = False

    Whether or not this dialect has a separate “terminate” implementation that does not block or require awaiting.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` identifier_preparer: IdentifierPreparer

    This element will refer to an instance of `IdentifierPreparer` once a `DefaultDialect` has been constructed.

  classmethod `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` import_dbapi() → module

    inherited from the `Dialect.import_dbapi()` method of `Dialect`

    Import the DBAPI module that is used by this dialect.

    The Python module object returned here will be assigned as an instance variable to a constructed dialect under the name `.dbapi`.

    Changed in version 2.0: The `Dialect.import_dbapi()` class method is renamed from the previous method `.Dialect.dbapi()`, which would be replaced at dialect instantiation time by the DBAPI module itself, thus using the same name in two different ways. If a `.Dialect.dbapi()` classmethod is present on a third-party dialect, it will be used and a deprecation warning will be emitted.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` include_set_input_sizes: Set[Any] | None = None

    set of DBAPI type objects that should be included in automatic cursor.setinputsizes() calls.

    This is only used if bind_typing is BindTyping.SET_INPUT_SIZES

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` initialize(connection)

    Called during strategized creation of the dialect with a connection.

    Allows dialects to configure options based on server version info or other properties.

    The connection passed here is a SQLAlchemy Connection object, with full capabilities.

    The initialize() method of the base dialect should be called via super().

    Note

    as of SQLAlchemy 1.4, this method is called before any `Dialect.on_connect()` hooks are called.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` inline_comments: bool = False

    Indicates the dialect supports comment DDL that’s inline with the definition of a Table or Column. If False, this implies that ALTER must be used to set table and column comments.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` insert_executemany_returning: bool

    dialect / driver / database supports some means of providing INSERT…RETURNING support when dialect.do_executemany() is used.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order: bool

    dialect / driver / database supports some means of providing INSERT…RETURNING support when dialect.do_executemany() is used along with the `Insert.returning.sort_by_parameter_order` parameter being set.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` insert_returning: bool = False

    if the dialect supports RETURNING with INSERT

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel: InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts = symbol('NOT_SUPPORTED')

    Options indicating the database supports a form of bulk INSERT where the autoincrement integer primary key can be reliably used as an ordering for INSERTed rows.

    New in version 2.0.10.

    See also

    Correlating RETURNING rows to parameter sets

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` insertmanyvalues_max_parameters: int = 32700

    Alternate to insertmanyvalues_page_size, will additionally limit page size based on number of parameters total in the statement.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = 1000

    Number of rows to render into an individual INSERT..VALUES() statement for `ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES` executions.

    The default dialect defaults this to 1000.

    New in version 2.0.

    See also

    `Connection.execution_options.insertmanyvalues_page_size` - execution option available on `Connection`, statements

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` is_async: bool = False

    Whether or not this dialect is intended for asyncio use.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` is_disconnect(e, connection, cursor)

    Return True if the given DB-API error indicates an invalid connection

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` label_length: int | None

    optional user-defined max length for SQL labels

  classmethod `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` load_provisioning()

    set up the provision.py module for this dialect.

    For dialects that include a provision.py module that sets up provisioning followers, this method should initiate that process.

    A typical implementation would be:

        @classmethod
        def load_provisioning(cls):
            __import__("mydialect.provision")

    The default method assumes a module named `provision.py` inside the owning package of the current dialect, based on the `__module__` attribute:

        @classmethod
        def load_provisioning(cls):
            package = ".".join(cls.__module__.split(".")[0:-1])
            try:
                __import__(package + ".provision")
            except ImportError:
                pass

    New in version 1.3.14.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` loaded_dbapi
  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` max_identifier_length: int = 9999

    The maximum length of identifier names.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` name: str = 'default'

    identifying name for the dialect from a DBAPI-neutral point of view (i.e. ‘sqlite’)

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` normalize_name(name)

    convert the given name to lowercase if it is detected as case insensitive.

    This method is only used if the dialect defines requires_name_normalize=True.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` on_connect()

    return a callable which sets up a newly created DBAPI connection.

    The callable should accept a single argument “conn” which is the DBAPI connection itself. The inner callable has no return value.

    E.g.:

        class MyDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
            # ...

            def on_connect(self):
                def do_on_connect(connection):
                    connection.execute("SET SPECIAL FLAGS etc")

                return do_on_connect

    This is used to set dialect-wide per-connection options such as isolation modes, Unicode modes, etc.

    The “do_on_connect” callable is invoked by using the `PoolEvents.connect()` event hook, then unwrapping the DBAPI connection and passing it into the callable.

    Changed in version 1.4: the on_connect hook is no longer called twice for the first connection of a dialect. The on_connect hook is still called before the `Dialect.initialize()` method however.

    Changed in version 1.4.3: the on_connect hook is invoked from a new method on_connect_url that passes the URL that was used to create the connect args. Dialects can implement on_connect_url instead of on_connect if they need the URL object that was used for the connection in order to get additional context.

    If None is returned, no event listener is generated.

    Returns:

      a callable that accepts a single DBAPI connection as an argument, or None.

    See also

    `Dialect.connect()` - allows the DBAPI `connect()` sequence itself to be controlled.

    `Dialect.on_connect_url()` - supersedes `Dialect.on_connect()` to also receive the `URL` object in context.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` on_connect_url(url: URL ) → Callable[[Any], Any] | None

    inherited from the `Dialect.on_connect_url()` method of `Dialect`

    return a callable which sets up a newly created DBAPI connection.

    This method is a new hook that supersedes the `Dialect.on_connect()` method when implemented by a dialect. When not implemented by a dialect, it invokes the `Dialect.on_connect()` method directly to maintain compatibility with existing dialects. There is no deprecation for `Dialect.on_connect()` expected.

    The callable should accept a single argument “conn” which is the DBAPI connection itself. The inner callable has no return value.

    E.g.:

        class MyDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
            # ...

            def on_connect_url(self, url):
                def do_on_connect(connection):
                    connection.execute("SET SPECIAL FLAGS etc")

                return do_on_connect

    This is used to set dialect-wide per-connection options such as isolation modes, Unicode modes, etc.

    This method differs from `Dialect.on_connect()` in that it is passed the `URL` object that’s relevant to the connect args. Normally the only way to get this is from the `Dialect.on_connect()` hook is to look on the `Engine` itself, however this URL object may have been replaced by plugins.

    Note

    The default implementation of `Dialect.on_connect_url()` is to invoke the `Dialect.on_connect()` method. Therefore if a dialect implements this method, the `Dialect.on_connect()` method will not be called unless the overriding dialect calls it directly from here.

    New in version 1.4.3: added `Dialect.on_connect_url()` which normally calls into `Dialect.on_connect()`.

    Parameters:

      url – a `URL` object representing the `URL` that was passed to the `Dialect.create_connect_args()` method.

    Returns:

      a callable that accepts a single DBAPI connection as an argument, or None.

    See also

    `Dialect.on_connect()`

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` paramstyle: str

    the paramstyle to be used (some DB-APIs support multiple paramstyles).

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` positional: bool

    True if the paramstyle for this Dialect is positional.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` preexecute_autoincrement_sequences: bool = False

    True if ‘implicit’ primary key functions must be executed separately in order to get their value, if RETURNING is not used.

    This is currently oriented towards PostgreSQL when the `implicit_returning=False` parameter is used on a `Table` object.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` preparer

    alias of `IdentifierPreparer`

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` reflection_options: Sequence [str] = ()

    inherited from the `Dialect.reflection_options` attribute of `Dialect`

    Sequence of string names indicating keyword arguments that can be established on a `Table` object which will be passed as “reflection options” when using `Table.autoload_with`.

    Current example is “oracle_resolve_synonyms” in the Oracle Database dialects.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` reset_isolation_level(dbapi_conn)

    Given a DBAPI connection, revert its isolation to the default.

    Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part of the implementation of the `Connection` and `Engine` isolation level facilities; these APIs should be preferred for most typical use cases.

    See also

    `Connection.get_isolation_level()` - view current level

    `Connection.default_isolation_level` - view default level

    `Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` - set per `Connection` isolation level

    `create_engine.isolation_level` - set per `Engine` isolation level

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` returns_native_bytes: bool = False

    indicates if Python bytes() objects are returned natively by the driver for SQL “binary” datatypes.

    New in version 2.0.11.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` sequences_optional: bool = False

    If True, indicates if the `Sequence.optional` parameter on the `Sequence` construct should signal to not generate a CREATE SEQUENCE. Applies only to dialects that support sequences. Currently used only to allow PostgreSQL SERIAL to be used on a column that specifies Sequence() for usage on other backends.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` server_side_cursors: bool = False

    deprecated; indicates if the dialect should attempt to use server side cursors by default

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` server_version_info: Tuple [Any, ...] | None = None

    a tuple containing a version number for the DB backend in use.

    This value is only available for supporting dialects, and is typically populated during the initial connection to the database.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` set_connection_execution_options(connection: Connection, opts: Mapping[str, Any]) → None

    Establish execution options for a given connection.

    This is implemented by `DefaultDialect` in order to implement the `Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` execution option. Dialects can intercept various execution options which may need to modify state on a particular DBAPI connection.

    New in version 1.4.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` set_engine_execution_options(engine: Engine, opts: Mapping[str, Any]) → None

    Establish execution options for a given engine.

    This is implemented by `DefaultDialect` to establish event hooks for new `Connection` instances created by the given `Engine` which will then invoke the `Dialect.set_connection_execution_options()` method for that connection.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` set_isolation_level(dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection, level: Literal['SERIALIZABLE', 'REPEATABLE READ', 'READ COMMITTED', 'READ UNCOMMITTED', 'AUTOCOMMIT']) → None

    inherited from the `Dialect.set_isolation_level()` method of `Dialect`

    Given a DBAPI connection, set its isolation level.

    Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part of the implementation of the `Connection` and `Engine` isolation level facilities; these APIs should be preferred for most typical use cases.

    If the dialect also implements the `Dialect.get_isolation_level_values()` method, then the given level is guaranteed to be one of the string names within that sequence, and the method will not need to anticipate a lookup failure.

    See also

    `Connection.get_isolation_level()` - view current level

    `Connection.default_isolation_level` - view default level

    `Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` - set per `Connection` isolation level

    `create_engine.isolation_level` - set per `Engine` isolation level

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` statement_compiler

    alias of `SQLCompiler`

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_alter: bool = True

    `True` if the database supports `ALTER TABLE` - used only for generating foreign key constraints in certain circumstances

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_comments: bool = False

    Indicates the dialect supports comment DDL on tables and columns.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_constraint_comments: bool = False

    Indicates if the dialect supports comment DDL on constraints.

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_default_metavalue: bool = False

    dialect supports INSERT… VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_default_values: bool = False

    dialect supports INSERT… DEFAULT VALUES syntax

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_empty_insert: bool = True

    dialect supports INSERT () VALUES ()

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_identity_columns: bool = False

    target database supports IDENTITY

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_multivalues_insert: bool = False

    Target database supports INSERT…VALUES with multiple value sets, i.e. INSERT INTO table (cols) VALUES (…), (…), (…), …

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_native_boolean: bool = False

    Indicates if the dialect supports a native boolean construct. This will prevent `Boolean` from generating a CHECK constraint when that type is used.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_native_decimal: bool = False

    indicates if Decimal objects are handled and returned for precision numeric types, or if floats are returned

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_native_enum: bool = False

    Indicates if the dialect supports a native ENUM construct. This will prevent `Enum` from generating a CHECK constraint when that type is used in “native” mode.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_native_uuid: bool = False

    indicates if Python UUID() objects are handled natively by the driver for SQL UUID datatypes.

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_sane_multi_rowcount: bool = True

    Indicate whether the dialect properly implements rowcount for `UPDATE` and `DELETE` statements when executed via executemany.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_sane_rowcount: bool = True

    Indicate whether the dialect properly implements rowcount for `UPDATE` and `DELETE` statements.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_sane_rowcount_returning

    True if this dialect supports sane rowcount even if RETURNING is in use.

    For dialects that don’t support RETURNING, this is synonymous with `supports_sane_rowcount`.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_sequences: bool = False

    Indicates if the dialect supports CREATE SEQUENCE or similar.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_server_side_cursors: bool = False

    indicates if the dialect supports server side cursors

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_simple_order_by_label: bool = True

    target database supports ORDER BY <labelname>, where <labelname> refers to a label in the columns clause of the SELECT

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` supports_statement_cache: bool = True

    indicates if this dialect supports caching.

    All dialects that are compatible with statement caching should set this flag to True directly on each dialect class and subclass that supports it. SQLAlchemy tests that this flag is locally present on each dialect subclass before it will use statement caching. This is to provide safety for legacy or new dialects that are not yet fully tested to be compliant with SQL statement caching.

    New in version 1.4.5.

    See also

    Caching for Third Party Dialects

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` tuple_in_values: bool = False

    target database supports tuple IN, i.e. (x, y) IN ((q, p), (r, z))

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` type_compiler: Any

    legacy; this is a TypeCompiler class at the class level, a TypeCompiler instance at the instance level.

    Refer to type_compiler_instance instead.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` type_compiler_cls

    alias of `GenericTypeCompiler`

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` type_compiler_instance: TypeCompiler

    instance of a `Compiled` class used to compile SQL type objects

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` type_descriptor(typeobj)

    Provide a database-specific `TypeEngine` object, given the generic object which comes from the types module.

    This method looks for a dictionary called `colspecs` as a class or instance-level variable, and passes on to `adapt_type()`.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` update_executemany_returning: bool = False

    dialect supports UPDATE..RETURNING with executemany.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` update_returning: bool = False

    if the dialect supports RETURNING with UPDATE

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` update_returning_multifrom: bool = False

    if the dialect supports RETURNING with UPDATE..FROM

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` use_insertmanyvalues: bool = False

    if True, indicates “insertmanyvalues” functionality should be used to allow for `insert_executemany_returning` behavior, if possible.

    In practice, setting this to True means:

    if `supports_multivalues_insert`, `insert_returning` and `use_insertmanyvalues` are all True, the SQL compiler will produce an INSERT that will be interpreted by the `DefaultDialect` as an `ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES` execution that allows for INSERT of many rows with RETURNING by rewriting a single-row INSERT statement to have multiple VALUES clauses, also executing the statement multiple times for a series of batches when large numbers of rows are given.

    The parameter is False for the default dialect, and is set to True for SQLAlchemy internal dialects SQLite, MySQL/MariaDB, PostgreSQL, SQL Server. It remains at False for Oracle Database, which provides native “executemany with RETURNING” support and also does not support `supports_multivalues_insert`. For MySQL/MariaDB, those MySQL dialects that don’t support RETURNING will not report `insert_executemany_returning` as True.

    New in version 2.0.

    See also

    “Insert Many Values” Behavior for INSERT statements

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultDialect.` use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning: bool = False

    if True, and use_insertmanyvalues is also True, INSERT statements that don’t include RETURNING will also use “insertmanyvalues”.

    New in version 2.0.

    See also

    “Insert Many Values” Behavior for INSERT statements

class sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect

  Define the behavior of a specific database and DB-API combination.

  Any aspect of metadata definition, SQL query generation, execution, result-set handling, or anything else which varies between databases is defined under the general category of the Dialect. The Dialect acts as a factory for other database-specific object implementations including ExecutionContext, Compiled, DefaultGenerator, and TypeEngine.

  Note

  Third party dialects should not subclass `Dialect` directly. Instead, subclass `DefaultDialect` or descendant class.

  Members

  bind_typing, colspecs, connect(), construct_arguments, create_connect_args(), create_xid(), cte_follows_insert, dbapi, dbapi_exception_translation_map, ddl_compiler, default_isolation_level, default_metavalue_token, default_schema_name, default_sequence_base, delete_executemany_returning, delete_returning, delete_returning_multifrom, denormalize_name(), div_is_floordiv, do_begin(), do_begin_twophase(), do_close(), do_commit(), do_commit_twophase(), do_execute(), do_execute_no_params(), do_executemany(), do_ping(), do_prepare_twophase(), do_recover_twophase(), do_release_savepoint(), do_rollback(), do_rollback_to_savepoint(), do_rollback_twophase(), do_savepoint(), do_set_input_sizes(), do_terminate(), driver, engine_config_types, engine_created(), exclude_set_input_sizes, execute_sequence_format, execution_ctx_cls, favor_returning_over_lastrowid, get_async_dialect_cls(), get_check_constraints(), get_columns(), get_default_isolation_level(), get_dialect_cls(), get_dialect_pool_class(), get_driver_connection(), get_foreign_keys(), get_indexes(), get_isolation_level(), get_isolation_level_values(), get_materialized_view_names(), get_multi_check_constraints(), get_multi_columns(), get_multi_foreign_keys(), get_multi_indexes(), get_multi_pk_constraint(), get_multi_table_comment(), get_multi_table_options(), get_multi_unique_constraints(), get_pk_constraint(), get_schema_names(), get_sequence_names(), get_table_comment(), get_table_names(), get_table_options(), get_temp_table_names(), get_temp_view_names(), get_unique_constraints(), get_view_definition(), get_view_names(), has_index(), has_schema(), has_sequence(), has_table(), has_terminate, identifier_preparer, import_dbapi(), include_set_input_sizes, initialize(), inline_comments, insert_executemany_returning, insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order, insert_returning, insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel, insertmanyvalues_max_parameters, insertmanyvalues_page_size, is_async, is_disconnect(), label_length, load_provisioning(), loaded_dbapi, max_identifier_length, name, normalize_name(), on_connect(), on_connect_url(), paramstyle, positional, preexecute_autoincrement_sequences, preparer, reflection_options, reset_isolation_level(), returns_native_bytes, sequences_optional, server_side_cursors, server_version_info, set_connection_execution_options(), set_engine_execution_options(), set_isolation_level(), statement_compiler, supports_alter, supports_comments, supports_constraint_comments, supports_default_metavalue, supports_default_values, supports_empty_insert, supports_identity_columns, supports_multivalues_insert, supports_native_boolean, supports_native_decimal, supports_native_enum, supports_native_uuid, supports_sane_multi_rowcount, supports_sane_rowcount, supports_sequences, supports_server_side_cursors, supports_simple_order_by_label, supports_statement_cache, tuple_in_values, type_compiler, type_compiler_cls, type_compiler_instance, type_descriptor(), update_executemany_returning, update_returning, update_returning_multifrom, use_insertmanyvalues, use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect` (`sqlalchemy.event.registry.EventTarget`)

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` bind_typing = 1

    define a means of passing typing information to the database and/or driver for bound parameters.

    See `BindTyping` for values.

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` colspecs: MutableMapping[Type[ TypeEngine [Any]], Type[ TypeEngine [Any]]]

    A dictionary of TypeEngine classes from sqlalchemy.types mapped to subclasses that are specific to the dialect class. This dictionary is class-level only and is not accessed from the dialect instance itself.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` connect(*cargs: Any, **cparams: Any) → DBAPIConnection

    Establish a connection using this dialect’s DBAPI.

    The default implementation of this method is:

        def connect(self, *cargs, **cparams):
            return self.dbapi.connect(*cargs, **cparams)

    The `*cargs, **cparams` parameters are generated directly from this dialect’s `Dialect.create_connect_args()` method.

    This method may be used for dialects that need to perform programmatic per-connection steps when a new connection is procured from the DBAPI.

    Parameters:

      - *cargs – positional parameters returned from the `Dialect.create_connect_args()` method

      - **cparams – keyword parameters returned from the `Dialect.create_connect_args()` method.

    Returns:

      a DBAPI connection, typically from the PEP 249 module level `.connect()` function.

    See also

    `Dialect.create_connect_args()`

    `Dialect.on_connect()`

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` construct_arguments: List[ Tuple [Type[ SchemaItem | ClauseElement ], Mapping[str, Any]]] | None = None

    Optional set of argument specifiers for various SQLAlchemy constructs, typically schema items.

    To implement, establish as a series of tuples, as in:

        construct_arguments = [
            (schema.Index, {"using": False, "where": None, "ops": None}),
        ]

    If the above construct is established on the PostgreSQL dialect, the `Index` construct will now accept the keyword arguments `postgresql_using`, `postgresql_where`, nad `postgresql_ops`. Any other argument specified to the constructor of `Index` which is prefixed with `postgresql_` will raise `ArgumentError`.

    A dialect which does not include a `construct_arguments` member will not participate in the argument validation system. For such a dialect, any argument name is accepted by all participating constructs, within the namespace of arguments prefixed with that dialect name. The rationale here is so that third-party dialects that haven’t yet implemented this feature continue to function in the old way.

    See also

    `DialectKWArgs` - implementing base class which consumes `DefaultDialect.construct_arguments`

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` create_connect_args(url: URL ) → ConnectArgsType

    Build DB-API compatible connection arguments.

    Given a `URL` object, returns a tuple consisting of a `(*args, **kwargs)` suitable to send directly to the dbapi’s connect function. The arguments are sent to the `Dialect.connect()` method which then runs the DBAPI-level `connect()` function.

    The method typically makes use of the `URL.translate_connect_args()` method in order to generate a dictionary of options.

    The default implementation is:

        def create_connect_args(self, url):
            opts = url.translate_connect_args()
            opts.update(url.query)
            return ([], opts)

    Parameters:

      url – a `URL` object

    Returns:

      a tuple of `(*args, **kwargs)` which will be passed to the `Dialect.connect()` method.

    See also

    `URL.translate_connect_args()`

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` create_xid() → Any

    Create a two-phase transaction ID.

    This id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(), do_rollback_twophase(), do_commit_twophase(). Its format is unspecified.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` cte_follows_insert: bool

    target database, when given a CTE with an INSERT statement, needs the CTE to be below the INSERT

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` dbapi: ModuleType | None

    A reference to the DBAPI module object itself.

    SQLAlchemy dialects import DBAPI modules using the classmethod `Dialect.import_dbapi()`. The rationale is so that any dialect module can be imported and used to generate SQL statements without the need for the actual DBAPI driver to be installed. Only when an `Engine` is constructed using `create_engine()` does the DBAPI get imported; at that point, the creation process will assign the DBAPI module to this attribute.

    Dialects should therefore implement `Dialect.import_dbapi()` which will import the necessary module and return it, and then refer to `self.dbapi` in dialect code in order to refer to the DBAPI module contents.

    Changed in version The: `Dialect.dbapi` attribute is exclusively used as the per-`Dialect`-instance reference to the DBAPI module. The previous not-fully-documented `.Dialect.dbapi()` classmethod is deprecated and replaced by `Dialect.import_dbapi()`.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` dbapi_exception_translation_map: Mapping[str, str] = {}

    A dictionary of names that will contain as values the names of pep-249 exceptions (“IntegrityError”, “OperationalError”, etc) keyed to alternate class names, to support the case where a DBAPI has exception classes that aren’t named as they are referred to (e.g. IntegrityError = MyException). In the vast majority of cases this dictionary is empty.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` ddl_compiler: Type[ DDLCompiler ]

    a `Compiled` class used to compile DDL statements

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` default_isolation_level: IsolationLevel | None

    the isolation that is implicitly present on new connections

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` default_metavalue_token: str = 'DEFAULT'

    for INSERT… VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax, the token to put in the parenthesis.

    E.g. for SQLite this is the keyword “NULL”.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` default_schema_name: str | None

    the name of the default schema. This value is only available for supporting dialects, and is typically populated during the initial connection to the database.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` default_sequence_base: int

    the default value that will be rendered as the “START WITH” portion of a CREATE SEQUENCE DDL statement.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` delete_executemany_returning: bool

    dialect supports DELETE..RETURNING with executemany.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` delete_returning: bool

    if the dialect supports RETURNING with DELETE

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` delete_returning_multifrom: bool

    if the dialect supports RETURNING with DELETE..FROM

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` denormalize_name(name: str) → str

    convert the given name to a case insensitive identifier for the backend if it is an all-lowercase name.

    This method is only used if the dialect defines requires_name_normalize=True.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` div_is_floordiv: bool

    target database treats the / division operator as “floor division”

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_begin(dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection ) → None

    Provide an implementation of `connection.begin()`, given a DB-API connection.

    The DBAPI has no dedicated “begin” method and it is expected that transactions are implicit. This hook is provided for those DBAPIs that might need additional help in this area.

    Parameters:

      dbapi_connection – a DBAPI connection, typically proxied within a `ConnectionFairy`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_begin_twophase(connection: Connection, xid: Any) → None

    Begin a two phase transaction on the given connection.

    Parameters:

      - connection – a `Connection`.

      - xid – xid

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_close(dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection ) → None

    Provide an implementation of `connection.close()`, given a DBAPI connection.

    This hook is called by the `Pool` when a connection has been detached from the pool, or is being returned beyond the normal capacity of the pool.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_commit(dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection ) → None

    Provide an implementation of `connection.commit()`, given a DB-API connection.

    Parameters:

      dbapi_connection – a DBAPI connection, typically proxied within a `ConnectionFairy`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_commit_twophase(connection: Connection, xid: Any, is_prepared: bool = True, recover: bool = False) → None

    Commit a two phase transaction on the given connection.

    Parameters:

      - connection – a `Connection`.

      - xid – xid

      - is_prepared – whether or not `TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare()` was called.

      - recover – if the recover flag was passed.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_execute(cursor: DBAPICursor, statement: str, parameters: Sequence[Any] | Mapping[str, Any] | None, context: ExecutionContext | None = None) → None

    Provide an implementation of `cursor.execute(statement, parameters)`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_execute_no_params(cursor: DBAPICursor, statement: str, context: ExecutionContext | None = None) → None

    Provide an implementation of `cursor.execute(statement)`.

    The parameter collection should not be sent.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_executemany(cursor: DBAPICursor, statement: str, parameters: Sequence[Sequence[Any]] | Sequence[Mapping[str, Any]], context: ExecutionContext | None = None) → None

    Provide an implementation of `cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_ping(dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection ) → bool

    ping the DBAPI connection and return True if the connection is usable.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_prepare_twophase(connection: Connection, xid: Any) → None

    Prepare a two phase transaction on the given connection.

    Parameters:

      - connection – a `Connection`.

      - xid – xid

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_recover_twophase(connection: Connection ) → List[Any]

    Recover list of uncommitted prepared two phase transaction identifiers on the given connection.

    Parameters:

      connection – a `Connection`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_release_savepoint(connection: Connection, name: str) → None

    Release the named savepoint on a connection.

    Parameters:

      - connection – a `Connection`.

      - name – savepoint name.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_rollback(dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection ) → None

    Provide an implementation of `connection.rollback()`, given a DB-API connection.

    Parameters:

      dbapi_connection – a DBAPI connection, typically proxied within a `ConnectionFairy`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_rollback_to_savepoint(connection: Connection, name: str) → None

    Rollback a connection to the named savepoint.

    Parameters:

      - connection – a `Connection`.

      - name – savepoint name.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_rollback_twophase(connection: Connection, xid: Any, is_prepared: bool = True, recover: bool = False) → None

    Rollback a two phase transaction on the given connection.

    Parameters:

      - connection – a `Connection`.

      - xid – xid

      - is_prepared – whether or not `TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare()` was called.

      - recover – if the recover flag was passed.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_savepoint(connection: Connection, name: str) → None

    Create a savepoint with the given name.

    Parameters:

      - connection – a `Connection`.

      - name – savepoint name.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_set_input_sizes(cursor: DBAPICursor, list_of_tuples: _GenericSetInputSizesType, context: ExecutionContext ) → Any

    invoke the cursor.setinputsizes() method with appropriate arguments

    This hook is called if the `Dialect.bind_typing` attribute is set to the `BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES` value. Parameter data is passed in a list of tuples (paramname, dbtype, sqltype), where `paramname` is the key of the parameter in the statement, `dbtype` is the DBAPI datatype and `sqltype` is the SQLAlchemy type. The order of tuples is in the correct parameter order.

    New in version 1.4.

    Changed in version 2.0: - setinputsizes mode is now enabled by setting `Dialect.bind_typing` to `BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES`. Dialects which accept a `use_setinputsizes` parameter should set this value appropriately.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` do_terminate(dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection ) → None

    Provide an implementation of `connection.close()` that tries as much as possible to not block, given a DBAPI connection.

    In the vast majority of cases this just calls .close(), however for some asyncio dialects may call upon different API features.

    This hook is called by the `Pool` when a connection is being recycled or has been invalidated.

    New in version 1.4.41.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` driver: str

    identifying name for the dialect’s DBAPI

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` engine_config_types: Mapping[str, Any]

    a mapping of string keys that can be in an engine config linked to type conversion functions.

  classmethod `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` engine_created(engine: Engine ) → None

    A convenience hook called before returning the final `Engine`.

    If the dialect returned a different class from the `get_dialect_cls()` method, then the hook is called on both classes, first on the dialect class returned by the `get_dialect_cls()` method and then on the class on which the method was called.

    The hook should be used by dialects and/or wrappers to apply special events to the engine or its components. In particular, it allows a dialect-wrapping class to apply dialect-level events.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` exclude_set_input_sizes: Set[Any] | None

    set of DBAPI type objects that should be excluded in automatic cursor.setinputsizes() calls.

    This is only used if bind_typing is BindTyping.SET_INPUT_SIZES

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` execute_sequence_format: Type[ Tuple [Any, ...]] | Type[ Tuple [List[Any]]]

    either the ‘tuple’ or ‘list’ type, depending on what cursor.execute() accepts for the second argument (they vary).

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` execution_ctx_cls: Type[ ExecutionContext ]

    a `ExecutionContext` class used to handle statement execution

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` favor_returning_over_lastrowid: bool

    for backends that support both a lastrowid and a RETURNING insert strategy, favor RETURNING for simple single-int pk inserts.

    cursor.lastrowid tends to be more performant on most backends.

  classmethod `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_async_dialect_cls(url: URL ) → Type[ Dialect ]

    Given a URL, return the `Dialect` that will be used by an async engine.

    By default this is an alias of `Dialect.get_dialect_cls()` and just returns the cls. It may be used if a dialect provides both a sync and async version under the same name, like the `psycopg` driver.

    New in version 2.

    See also

    `Dialect.get_dialect_cls()`

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_check_constraints(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[ ReflectedCheckConstraint ]

    Return information about check constraints in `table_name`.

    Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return check constraint information as a list of dicts corresponding to the `ReflectedCheckConstraint` dictionary.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_check_constraints()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_columns(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[ ReflectedColumn ]

    Return information about columns in `table_name`.

    Given a `Connection`, a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return column information as a list of dictionaries corresponding to the `ReflectedColumn` dictionary.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_columns()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_default_isolation_level(dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection ) → Literal['SERIALIZABLE', 'REPEATABLE READ', 'READ COMMITTED', 'READ UNCOMMITTED', 'AUTOCOMMIT']

    Given a DBAPI connection, return its isolation level, or a default isolation level if one cannot be retrieved.

    This method may only raise NotImplementedError and must not raise any other exception, as it is used implicitly upon first connect.

    The method must return a value for a dialect that supports isolation level settings, as this level is what will be reverted towards when a per-connection isolation level change is made.

    The method defaults to using the `Dialect.get_isolation_level()` method unless overridden by a dialect.

    New in version 1.3.22.

  classmethod `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_dialect_cls(url: URL ) → Type[ Dialect ]

    Given a URL, return the `Dialect` that will be used.

    This is a hook that allows an external plugin to provide functionality around an existing dialect, by allowing the plugin to be loaded from the url based on an entrypoint, and then the plugin returns the actual dialect to be used.

    By default this just returns the cls.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_dialect_pool_class(url: URL ) → Type[ Pool ]

    return a Pool class to use for a given URL

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_driver_connection(connection: DBAPIConnection ) → Any

    Returns the connection object as returned by the external driver package.

    For normal dialects that use a DBAPI compliant driver this call will just return the `connection` passed as argument. For dialects that instead adapt a non DBAPI compliant driver, like when adapting an asyncio driver, this call will return the connection-like object as returned by the driver.

    New in version 1.4.24.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_foreign_keys(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[ ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint ]

    Return information about foreign_keys in `table_name`.

    Given a `Connection`, a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return foreign key information as a list of dicts corresponding to the `ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint` dictionary.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_foreign_keys()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_indexes(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[ ReflectedIndex ]

    Return information about indexes in `table_name`.

    Given a `Connection`, a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return index information as a list of dictionaries corresponding to the `ReflectedIndex` dictionary.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_indexes()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_isolation_level(dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection ) → Literal['SERIALIZABLE', 'REPEATABLE READ', 'READ COMMITTED', 'READ UNCOMMITTED', 'AUTOCOMMIT']

    Given a DBAPI connection, return its isolation level.

    When working with a `Connection` object, the corresponding DBAPI connection may be procured using the `Connection.connection` accessor.

    Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part of the implementation of the `Connection` and `Engine` isolation level facilities; these APIs should be preferred for most typical use cases.

    See also

    `Connection.get_isolation_level()` - view current level

    `Connection.default_isolation_level` - view default level

    `Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` - set per `Connection` isolation level

    `create_engine.isolation_level` - set per `Engine` isolation level

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_isolation_level_values(dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection ) → List[Literal['SERIALIZABLE', 'REPEATABLE READ', 'READ COMMITTED', 'READ UNCOMMITTED', 'AUTOCOMMIT']]

    return a sequence of string isolation level names that are accepted by this dialect.

    The available names should use the following conventions:

    - use UPPERCASE names. isolation level methods will accept lowercase names but these are normalized into UPPERCASE before being passed along to the dialect.

    - separate words should be separated by spaces, not underscores, e.g. `REPEATABLE READ`. isolation level names will have underscores converted to spaces before being passed along to the dialect.

    - The names for the four standard isolation names to the extent that they are supported by the backend should be `READ UNCOMMITTED`, `READ COMMITTED`, `REPEATABLE READ`, `SERIALIZABLE`

    - if the dialect supports an autocommit option it should be provided using the isolation level name `AUTOCOMMIT`.

    - Other isolation modes may also be present, provided that they are named in UPPERCASE and use spaces not underscores.

    This function is used so that the default dialect can check that a given isolation level parameter is valid, else raises an `ArgumentError`.

    A DBAPI connection is passed to the method, in the unlikely event that the dialect needs to interrogate the connection itself to determine this list, however it is expected that most backends will return a hardcoded list of values. If the dialect supports “AUTOCOMMIT”, that value should also be present in the sequence returned.

    The method raises `NotImplementedError` by default. If a dialect does not implement this method, then the default dialect will not perform any checking on a given isolation level value before passing it onto the `Dialect.set_isolation_level()` method. This is to allow backwards-compatibility with third party dialects that may not yet be implementing this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_materialized_view_names(connection: Connection, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[str]

    Return a list of all materialized view names available in the database.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_materialized_view_names()`.

    Parameters:

      schema –

      schema name to query, if not the default schema.

      New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_multi_check_constraints(connection: Connection, *, schema: str | None = None, filter_names: Collection[str] | None = None, **kw: Any) → Iterable[ Tuple [TableKey, List[ ReflectedCheckConstraint ]]]

    Return information about check constraints in all tables in the given `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_check_constraints()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_multi_columns(connection: Connection, *, schema: str | None = None, filter_names: Collection[str] | None = None, **kw: Any) → Iterable[ Tuple [TableKey, List[ ReflectedColumn ]]]

    Return information about columns in all tables in the given `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_columns()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_multi_foreign_keys(connection: Connection, *, schema: str | None = None, filter_names: Collection[str] | None = None, **kw: Any) → Iterable[ Tuple [TableKey, List[ ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint ]]]

    Return information about foreign_keys in all tables in the given `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_foreign_keys()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_multi_indexes(connection: Connection, *, schema: str | None = None, filter_names: Collection[str] | None = None, **kw: Any) → Iterable[ Tuple [TableKey, List[ ReflectedIndex ]]]

    Return information about indexes in in all tables in the given `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_indexes()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_multi_pk_constraint(connection: Connection, *, schema: str | None = None, filter_names: Collection[str] | None = None, **kw: Any) → Iterable[ Tuple [TableKey, ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint ]]

    Return information about primary key constraints in all tables in the given `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_pk_constraint()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_multi_table_comment(connection: Connection, *, schema: str | None = None, filter_names: Collection[str] | None = None, **kw: Any) → Iterable[ Tuple [TableKey, ReflectedTableComment ]]

    Return information about the table comment in all tables in the given `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_table_comment()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_multi_table_options(connection: Connection, *, schema: str | None = None, filter_names: Collection[str] | None = None, **kw: Any) → Iterable[ Tuple [TableKey, Dict[str, Any]]]

    Return a dictionary of options specified when the tables in the given schema were created.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_table_options()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_multi_unique_constraints(connection: Connection, *, schema: str | None = None, filter_names: Collection[str] | None = None, **kw: Any) → Iterable[ Tuple [TableKey, List[ ReflectedUniqueConstraint ]]]

    Return information about unique constraints in all tables in the given `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_multi_unique_constraints()`.

    Note

    The `DefaultDialect` provides a default implementation that will call the single table method for each object returned by `Dialect.get_table_names()`, `Dialect.get_view_names()` or `Dialect.get_materialized_view_names()` depending on the provided `kind`. Dialects that want to support a faster implementation should implement this method.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_pk_constraint(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint

    Return information about the primary key constraint on table_name`.

    Given a `Connection`, a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return primary key information as a dictionary corresponding to the `ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint` dictionary.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_pk_constraint()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_schema_names(connection: Connection, **kw: Any) → List[str]

    Return a list of all schema names available in the database.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_schema_names()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_sequence_names(connection: Connection, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[str]

    Return a list of all sequence names available in the database.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_sequence_names()`.

    Parameters:

      schema – schema name to query, if not the default schema.

    New in version 1.4.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_table_comment(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → ReflectedTableComment

    Return the “comment” for the table identified by `table_name`.

    Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return table comment information as a dictionary corresponding to the `ReflectedTableComment` dictionary.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_table_comment()`.

    Raise:

      `NotImplementedError` for dialects that don’t support comments.

    New in version 1.2.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_table_names(connection: Connection, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[str]

    Return a list of table names for `schema`.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_table_names()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_table_options(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → Dict[str, Any]

    Return a dictionary of options specified when `table_name` was created.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_table_options()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_temp_table_names(connection: Connection, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[str]

    Return a list of temporary table names on the given connection, if supported by the underlying backend.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_temp_table_names()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_temp_view_names(connection: Connection, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[str]

    Return a list of temporary view names on the given connection, if supported by the underlying backend.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_temp_view_names()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_unique_constraints(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[ ReflectedUniqueConstraint ]

    Return information about unique constraints in `table_name`.

    Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return unique constraint information as a list of dicts corresponding to the `ReflectedUniqueConstraint` dictionary.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_unique_constraints()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_view_definition(connection: Connection, view_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → str

    Return plain or materialized view definition.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_view_definition()`.

    Given a `Connection`, a string `view_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return the view definition.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` get_view_names(connection: Connection, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → List[str]

    Return a list of all non-materialized view names available in the database.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.get_view_names()`.

    Parameters:

      schema – schema name to query, if not the default schema.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` has_index(connection: Connection, table_name: str, index_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → bool

    Check the existence of a particular index name in the database.

    Given a `Connection` object, a string `table_name` and string index name, return `True` if an index of the given name on the given table exists, `False` otherwise.

    The `DefaultDialect` implements this in terms of the `Dialect.has_table()` and `Dialect.get_indexes()` methods, however dialects can implement a more performant version.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.has_index()`.

    New in version 1.4.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` has_schema(connection: Connection, schema_name: str, **kw: Any) → bool

    Check the existence of a particular schema name in the database.

    Given a `Connection` object, a string `schema_name`, return `True` if a schema of the given exists, `False` otherwise.

    The `DefaultDialect` implements this by checking the presence of `schema_name` among the schemas returned by `Dialect.get_schema_names()`, however dialects can implement a more performant version.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.has_schema()`.

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` has_sequence(connection: Connection, sequence_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → bool

    Check the existence of a particular sequence in the database.

    Given a `Connection` object and a string sequence_name, return `True` if the given sequence exists in the database, `False` otherwise.

    This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use `Inspector.has_sequence()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` has_table(connection: Connection, table_name: str, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → bool

    For internal dialect use, check the existence of a particular table or view in the database.

    Given a `Connection` object, a string table_name and optional schema name, return True if the given table exists in the database, False otherwise.

    This method serves as the underlying implementation of the public facing `Inspector.has_table()` method, and is also used internally to implement the “checkfirst” behavior for methods like `Table.create()` and `MetaData.create_all()`.

    Note

    This method is used internally by SQLAlchemy, and is published so that third-party dialects may provide an implementation. It is not the public API for checking for table presence. Please use the `Inspector.has_table()` method.

    Changed in version 2.0::: `Dialect.has_table()` now formally supports checking for additional table-like objects:

    - any type of views (plain or materialized)

    - temporary tables of any kind

    Previously, these two checks were not formally specified and different dialects would vary in their behavior. The dialect testing suite now includes tests for all of these object types, and dialects to the degree that the backing database supports views or temporary tables should seek to support locating these objects for full compliance.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` has_terminate: bool

    Whether or not this dialect has a separate “terminate” implementation that does not block or require awaiting.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` identifier_preparer: IdentifierPreparer

    This element will refer to an instance of `IdentifierPreparer` once a `DefaultDialect` has been constructed.

  classmethod `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` import_dbapi() → module

    Import the DBAPI module that is used by this dialect.

    The Python module object returned here will be assigned as an instance variable to a constructed dialect under the name `.dbapi`.

    Changed in version 2.0: The `Dialect.import_dbapi()` class method is renamed from the previous method `.Dialect.dbapi()`, which would be replaced at dialect instantiation time by the DBAPI module itself, thus using the same name in two different ways. If a `.Dialect.dbapi()` classmethod is present on a third-party dialect, it will be used and a deprecation warning will be emitted.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` include_set_input_sizes: Set[Any] | None

    set of DBAPI type objects that should be included in automatic cursor.setinputsizes() calls.

    This is only used if bind_typing is BindTyping.SET_INPUT_SIZES

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` initialize(connection: Connection ) → None

    Called during strategized creation of the dialect with a connection.

    Allows dialects to configure options based on server version info or other properties.

    The connection passed here is a SQLAlchemy Connection object, with full capabilities.

    The initialize() method of the base dialect should be called via super().

    Note

    as of SQLAlchemy 1.4, this method is called before any `Dialect.on_connect()` hooks are called.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` inline_comments: bool

    Indicates the dialect supports comment DDL that’s inline with the definition of a Table or Column. If False, this implies that ALTER must be used to set table and column comments.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` insert_executemany_returning: bool

    dialect / driver / database supports some means of providing INSERT…RETURNING support when dialect.do_executemany() is used.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order: bool

    dialect / driver / database supports some means of providing INSERT…RETURNING support when dialect.do_executemany() is used along with the `Insert.returning.sort_by_parameter_order` parameter being set.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` insert_returning: bool

    if the dialect supports RETURNING with INSERT

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel: InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts

    Options indicating the database supports a form of bulk INSERT where the autoincrement integer primary key can be reliably used as an ordering for INSERTed rows.

    New in version 2.0.10.

    See also

    Correlating RETURNING rows to parameter sets

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` insertmanyvalues_max_parameters: int

    Alternate to insertmanyvalues_page_size, will additionally limit page size based on number of parameters total in the statement.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` insertmanyvalues_page_size: int

    Number of rows to render into an individual INSERT..VALUES() statement for `ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES` executions.

    The default dialect defaults this to 1000.

    New in version 2.0.

    See also

    `Connection.execution_options.insertmanyvalues_page_size` - execution option available on `Connection`, statements

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` is_async: bool

    Whether or not this dialect is intended for asyncio use.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` is_disconnect(e: Exception, connection: PoolProxiedConnection | DBAPIConnection | None, cursor: DBAPICursor | None) → bool

    Return True if the given DB-API error indicates an invalid connection

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` label_length: int | None

    optional user-defined max length for SQL labels

  classmethod `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` load_provisioning() → None

    set up the provision.py module for this dialect.

    For dialects that include a provision.py module that sets up provisioning followers, this method should initiate that process.

    A typical implementation would be:

        @classmethod
        def load_provisioning(cls):
            __import__("mydialect.provision")

    The default method assumes a module named `provision.py` inside the owning package of the current dialect, based on the `__module__` attribute:

        @classmethod
        def load_provisioning(cls):
            package = ".".join(cls.__module__.split(".")[0:-1])
            try:
                __import__(package + ".provision")
            except ImportError:
                pass

    New in version 1.3.14.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` loaded_dbapi

    same as .dbapi, but is never None; will raise an error if no DBAPI was set up.

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` max_identifier_length: int

    The maximum length of identifier names.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` name: str

    identifying name for the dialect from a DBAPI-neutral point of view (i.e. ‘sqlite’)

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` normalize_name(name: str) → str

    convert the given name to lowercase if it is detected as case insensitive.

    This method is only used if the dialect defines requires_name_normalize=True.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` on_connect() → Callable[[Any], Any] | None

    return a callable which sets up a newly created DBAPI connection.

    The callable should accept a single argument “conn” which is the DBAPI connection itself. The inner callable has no return value.

    E.g.:

        class MyDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
            # ...

            def on_connect(self):
                def do_on_connect(connection):
                    connection.execute("SET SPECIAL FLAGS etc")

                return do_on_connect

    This is used to set dialect-wide per-connection options such as isolation modes, Unicode modes, etc.

    The “do_on_connect” callable is invoked by using the `PoolEvents.connect()` event hook, then unwrapping the DBAPI connection and passing it into the callable.

    Changed in version 1.4: the on_connect hook is no longer called twice for the first connection of a dialect. The on_connect hook is still called before the `Dialect.initialize()` method however.

    Changed in version 1.4.3: the on_connect hook is invoked from a new method on_connect_url that passes the URL that was used to create the connect args. Dialects can implement on_connect_url instead of on_connect if they need the URL object that was used for the connection in order to get additional context.

    If None is returned, no event listener is generated.

    Returns:

      a callable that accepts a single DBAPI connection as an argument, or None.

    See also

    `Dialect.connect()` - allows the DBAPI `connect()` sequence itself to be controlled.

    `Dialect.on_connect_url()` - supersedes `Dialect.on_connect()` to also receive the `URL` object in context.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` on_connect_url(url: URL ) → Callable[[Any], Any] | None

    return a callable which sets up a newly created DBAPI connection.

    This method is a new hook that supersedes the `Dialect.on_connect()` method when implemented by a dialect. When not implemented by a dialect, it invokes the `Dialect.on_connect()` method directly to maintain compatibility with existing dialects. There is no deprecation for `Dialect.on_connect()` expected.

    The callable should accept a single argument “conn” which is the DBAPI connection itself. The inner callable has no return value.

    E.g.:

        class MyDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
            # ...

            def on_connect_url(self, url):
                def do_on_connect(connection):
                    connection.execute("SET SPECIAL FLAGS etc")

                return do_on_connect

    This is used to set dialect-wide per-connection options such as isolation modes, Unicode modes, etc.

    This method differs from `Dialect.on_connect()` in that it is passed the `URL` object that’s relevant to the connect args. Normally the only way to get this is from the `Dialect.on_connect()` hook is to look on the `Engine` itself, however this URL object may have been replaced by plugins.

    Note

    The default implementation of `Dialect.on_connect_url()` is to invoke the `Dialect.on_connect()` method. Therefore if a dialect implements this method, the `Dialect.on_connect()` method will not be called unless the overriding dialect calls it directly from here.

    New in version 1.4.3: added `Dialect.on_connect_url()` which normally calls into `Dialect.on_connect()`.

    Parameters:

      url – a `URL` object representing the `URL` that was passed to the `Dialect.create_connect_args()` method.

    Returns:

      a callable that accepts a single DBAPI connection as an argument, or None.

    See also

    `Dialect.on_connect()`

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` paramstyle: str

    the paramstyle to be used (some DB-APIs support multiple paramstyles).

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` positional: bool

    True if the paramstyle for this Dialect is positional.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` preexecute_autoincrement_sequences: bool

    True if ‘implicit’ primary key functions must be executed separately in order to get their value, if RETURNING is not used.

    This is currently oriented towards PostgreSQL when the `implicit_returning=False` parameter is used on a `Table` object.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` preparer: Type[ IdentifierPreparer ]

    a `IdentifierPreparer` class used to quote identifiers.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` reflection_options: Sequence [str] = ()

    Sequence of string names indicating keyword arguments that can be established on a `Table` object which will be passed as “reflection options” when using `Table.autoload_with`.

    Current example is “oracle_resolve_synonyms” in the Oracle Database dialects.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` reset_isolation_level(dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection ) → None

    Given a DBAPI connection, revert its isolation to the default.

    Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part of the implementation of the `Connection` and `Engine` isolation level facilities; these APIs should be preferred for most typical use cases.

    See also

    `Connection.get_isolation_level()` - view current level

    `Connection.default_isolation_level` - view default level

    `Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` - set per `Connection` isolation level

    `create_engine.isolation_level` - set per `Engine` isolation level

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` returns_native_bytes: bool

    indicates if Python bytes() objects are returned natively by the driver for SQL “binary” datatypes.

    New in version 2.0.11.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` sequences_optional: bool

    If True, indicates if the `Sequence.optional` parameter on the `Sequence` construct should signal to not generate a CREATE SEQUENCE. Applies only to dialects that support sequences. Currently used only to allow PostgreSQL SERIAL to be used on a column that specifies Sequence() for usage on other backends.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` server_side_cursors: bool

    deprecated; indicates if the dialect should attempt to use server side cursors by default

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` server_version_info: Tuple [Any, ...] | None

    a tuple containing a version number for the DB backend in use.

    This value is only available for supporting dialects, and is typically populated during the initial connection to the database.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` set_connection_execution_options(connection: Connection, opts: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter) → None

    Establish execution options for a given connection.

    This is implemented by `DefaultDialect` in order to implement the `Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` execution option. Dialects can intercept various execution options which may need to modify state on a particular DBAPI connection.

    New in version 1.4.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` set_engine_execution_options(engine: Engine, opts: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter) → None

    Establish execution options for a given engine.

    This is implemented by `DefaultDialect` to establish event hooks for new `Connection` instances created by the given `Engine` which will then invoke the `Dialect.set_connection_execution_options()` method for that connection.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` set_isolation_level(dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection, level: Literal['SERIALIZABLE', 'REPEATABLE READ', 'READ COMMITTED', 'READ UNCOMMITTED', 'AUTOCOMMIT']) → None

    Given a DBAPI connection, set its isolation level.

    Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part of the implementation of the `Connection` and `Engine` isolation level facilities; these APIs should be preferred for most typical use cases.

    If the dialect also implements the `Dialect.get_isolation_level_values()` method, then the given level is guaranteed to be one of the string names within that sequence, and the method will not need to anticipate a lookup failure.

    See also

    `Connection.get_isolation_level()` - view current level

    `Connection.default_isolation_level` - view default level

    `Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` - set per `Connection` isolation level

    `create_engine.isolation_level` - set per `Engine` isolation level

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` statement_compiler: Type[ SQLCompiler ]

    a `Compiled` class used to compile SQL statements

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_alter: bool

    `True` if the database supports `ALTER TABLE` - used only for generating foreign key constraints in certain circumstances

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_comments: bool

    Indicates the dialect supports comment DDL on tables and columns.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_constraint_comments: bool

    Indicates if the dialect supports comment DDL on constraints.

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_default_metavalue: bool

    dialect supports INSERT…(col) VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax.

    Most databases support this in some way, e.g. SQLite supports it using `VALUES (NULL)`. MS SQL Server supports the syntax also however is the only included dialect where we have this disabled, as MSSQL does not support the field for the IDENTITY column, which is usually where we like to make use of the feature.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_default_values: bool

    dialect supports INSERT… DEFAULT VALUES syntax

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_empty_insert: bool

    dialect supports INSERT () VALUES (), i.e. a plain INSERT with no columns in it.

    This is not usually supported; an “empty” insert is typically suited using either “INSERT..DEFAULT VALUES” or “INSERT … (col) VALUES (DEFAULT)”.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_identity_columns: bool

    target database supports IDENTITY

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_multivalues_insert: bool

    Target database supports INSERT…VALUES with multiple value sets, i.e. INSERT INTO table (cols) VALUES (…), (…), (…), …

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_native_boolean: bool

    Indicates if the dialect supports a native boolean construct. This will prevent `Boolean` from generating a CHECK constraint when that type is used.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_native_decimal: bool

    indicates if Decimal objects are handled and returned for precision numeric types, or if floats are returned

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_native_enum: bool

    Indicates if the dialect supports a native ENUM construct. This will prevent `Enum` from generating a CHECK constraint when that type is used in “native” mode.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_native_uuid: bool

    indicates if Python UUID() objects are handled natively by the driver for SQL UUID datatypes.

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_sane_multi_rowcount: bool

    Indicate whether the dialect properly implements rowcount for `UPDATE` and `DELETE` statements when executed via executemany.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_sane_rowcount: bool

    Indicate whether the dialect properly implements rowcount for `UPDATE` and `DELETE` statements.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_sequences: bool

    Indicates if the dialect supports CREATE SEQUENCE or similar.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_server_side_cursors: bool

    indicates if the dialect supports server side cursors

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_simple_order_by_label: bool

    target database supports ORDER BY <labelname>, where <labelname> refers to a label in the columns clause of the SELECT

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` supports_statement_cache: bool = True

    indicates if this dialect supports caching.

    All dialects that are compatible with statement caching should set this flag to True directly on each dialect class and subclass that supports it. SQLAlchemy tests that this flag is locally present on each dialect subclass before it will use statement caching. This is to provide safety for legacy or new dialects that are not yet fully tested to be compliant with SQL statement caching.

    New in version 1.4.5.

    See also

    Caching for Third Party Dialects

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` tuple_in_values: bool

    target database supports tuple IN, i.e. (x, y) IN ((q, p), (r, z))

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` type_compiler: Any

    legacy; this is a TypeCompiler class at the class level, a TypeCompiler instance at the instance level.

    Refer to type_compiler_instance instead.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` type_compiler_cls: ClassVar[Type[TypeCompiler]]

    a `Compiled` class used to compile SQL type objects

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` type_compiler_instance: TypeCompiler

    instance of a `Compiled` class used to compile SQL type objects

    New in version 2.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` type_descriptor(typeobj: TypeEngine [_T]) → TypeEngine [_T]

    Transform a generic type to a dialect-specific type.

    Dialect classes will usually use the `adapt_type()` function in the types module to accomplish this.

    The returned result is cached per dialect class so can contain no dialect-instance state.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` update_executemany_returning: bool

    dialect supports UPDATE..RETURNING with executemany.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` update_returning: bool

    if the dialect supports RETURNING with UPDATE

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` update_returning_multifrom: bool

    if the dialect supports RETURNING with UPDATE..FROM

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` use_insertmanyvalues: bool

    if True, indicates “insertmanyvalues” functionality should be used to allow for `insert_executemany_returning` behavior, if possible.

    In practice, setting this to True means:

    if `supports_multivalues_insert`, `insert_returning` and `use_insertmanyvalues` are all True, the SQL compiler will produce an INSERT that will be interpreted by the `DefaultDialect` as an `ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES` execution that allows for INSERT of many rows with RETURNING by rewriting a single-row INSERT statement to have multiple VALUES clauses, also executing the statement multiple times for a series of batches when large numbers of rows are given.

    The parameter is False for the default dialect, and is set to True for SQLAlchemy internal dialects SQLite, MySQL/MariaDB, PostgreSQL, SQL Server. It remains at False for Oracle Database, which provides native “executemany with RETURNING” support and also does not support `supports_multivalues_insert`. For MySQL/MariaDB, those MySQL dialects that don’t support RETURNING will not report `insert_executemany_returning` as True.

    New in version 2.0.

    See also

    “Insert Many Values” Behavior for INSERT statements

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.Dialect.` use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning: bool

    if True, and use_insertmanyvalues is also True, INSERT statements that don’t include RETURNING will also use “insertmanyvalues”.

    New in version 2.0.

    See also

    “Insert Many Values” Behavior for INSERT statements

class sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext

  Members

  compiled, connection, create_cursor(), current_parameters, cursor, dialect, engine, execute_style, executemany, execution_options, fetchall_for_returning(), get_current_parameters(), get_lastrowid(), get_out_parameter_values(), get_result_processor(), handle_dbapi_exception(), invoked_statement, isinsert, isupdate, lastrow_has_defaults(), no_parameters, parameters, post_exec(), postfetch_cols, pre_exec(), prefetch_cols, root_connection

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext` (`sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.ExecutionContext`)

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` compiled: Compiled | None = None

    if passed to constructor, sqlalchemy.engine.base.Compiled object being executed

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` connection: Connection

    Connection object which can be freely used by default value generators to execute SQL. This Connection should reference the same underlying connection/transactional resources of root_connection.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` create_cursor()

    Return a new cursor generated from this ExecutionContext’s connection.

    Some dialects may wish to change the behavior of connection.cursor(), such as postgresql which may return a PG “server side” cursor.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` current_parameters: _CoreSingleExecuteParams | None = None

    A dictionary of parameters applied to the current row.

    This attribute is only available in the context of a user-defined default generation function, e.g. as described at Context-Sensitive Default Functions. It consists of a dictionary which includes entries for each column/value pair that is to be part of the INSERT or UPDATE statement. The keys of the dictionary will be the key value of each `Column`, which is usually synonymous with the name.

    Note that the `DefaultExecutionContext.current_parameters` attribute does not accommodate for the “multi-values” feature of the `Insert.values()` method. The `DefaultExecutionContext.get_current_parameters()` method should be preferred.

    See also

    `DefaultExecutionContext.get_current_parameters()`

    Context-Sensitive Default Functions

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` cursor: DBAPICursor

    DB-API cursor procured from the connection

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` dialect: Dialect

    dialect which created this ExecutionContext.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` engine: Engine

    engine which the Connection is associated with

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` execute_style: ExecuteStyle = 0

    the style of DBAPI cursor method that will be used to execute a statement.

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` executemany: bool

    True if the context has a list of more than one parameter set.

    Historically this attribute links to whether `cursor.execute()` or `cursor.executemany()` will be used. It also can now mean that “insertmanyvalues” may be used which indicates one or more `cursor.execute()` calls.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = {}

    Execution options associated with the current statement execution

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` fetchall_for_returning(cursor)

    For a RETURNING result, deliver cursor.fetchall() from the DBAPI cursor.

    This is a dialect-specific hook for dialects that have special considerations when calling upon the rows delivered for a “RETURNING” statement. Default implementation is `cursor.fetchall()`.

    This hook is currently used only by the insertmanyvalues feature. Dialects that don’t set `use_insertmanyvalues=True` don’t need to consider this hook.

    New in version 2.0.10.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` get_current_parameters(isolate_multiinsert_groups=True)

    Return a dictionary of parameters applied to the current row.

    This method can only be used in the context of a user-defined default generation function, e.g. as described at Context-Sensitive Default Functions. When invoked, a dictionary is returned which includes entries for each column/value pair that is part of the INSERT or UPDATE statement. The keys of the dictionary will be the key value of each `Column`, which is usually synonymous with the name.

    Parameters:

      isolate_multiinsert_groups=True – indicates that multi-valued INSERT constructs created using `Insert.values()` should be handled by returning only the subset of parameters that are local to the current column default invocation. When `False`, the raw parameters of the statement are returned including the naming convention used in the case of multi-valued INSERT.

    New in version 1.2: added `DefaultExecutionContext.get_current_parameters()` which provides more functionality over the existing `DefaultExecutionContext.current_parameters` attribute.

    See also

    `DefaultExecutionContext.current_parameters`

    Context-Sensitive Default Functions

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` get_lastrowid()

    return self.cursor.lastrowid, or equivalent, after an INSERT.

    This may involve calling special cursor functions, issuing a new SELECT on the cursor (or a new one), or returning a stored value that was calculated within post_exec().

    This function will only be called for dialects which support “implicit” primary key generation, keep preexecute_autoincrement_sequences set to False, and when no explicit id value was bound to the statement.

    The function is called once for an INSERT statement that would need to return the last inserted primary key for those dialects that make use of the lastrowid concept. In these cases, it is called directly after `ExecutionContext.post_exec()`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` get_out_parameter_values(names)

    Return a sequence of OUT parameter values from a cursor.

    For dialects that support OUT parameters, this method will be called when there is a `SQLCompiler` object which has the `SQLCompiler.has_out_parameters` flag set. This flag in turn will be set to True if the statement itself has `BindParameter` objects that have the `.isoutparam` flag set which are consumed by the `SQLCompiler.visit_bindparam()` method. If the dialect compiler produces `BindParameter` objects with `.isoutparam` set which are not handled by `SQLCompiler.visit_bindparam()`, it should set this flag explicitly.

    The list of names that were rendered for each bound parameter is passed to the method. The method should then return a sequence of values corresponding to the list of parameter objects. Unlike in previous SQLAlchemy versions, the values can be the raw values from the DBAPI; the execution context will apply the appropriate type handler based on what’s present in self.compiled.binds and update the values. The processed dictionary will then be made available via the `.out_parameters` collection on the result object. Note that SQLAlchemy 1.4 has multiple kinds of result object as part of the 2.0 transition.

    New in version 1.4: - added `ExecutionContext.get_out_parameter_values()`, which is invoked automatically by the `DefaultExecutionContext` when there are `BindParameter` objects with the `.isoutparam` flag set. This replaces the practice of setting out parameters within the now-removed `get_result_proxy()` method.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` get_result_processor(type_, colname, coltype)

    Return a ‘result processor’ for a given type as present in cursor.description.

    This has a default implementation that dialects can override for context-sensitive result type handling.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` handle_dbapi_exception(e)

    Receive a DBAPI exception which occurred upon execute, result fetch, etc.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` invoked_statement: Executable | None = None

    The Executable statement object that was given in the first place.

    This should be structurally equivalent to compiled.statement, but not necessarily the same object as in a caching scenario the compiled form will have been extracted from the cache.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` isinsert: bool = False

    True if the statement is an INSERT.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` isupdate: bool = False

    True if the statement is an UPDATE.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` lastrow_has_defaults()

    Return True if the last INSERT or UPDATE row contained inlined or database-side defaults.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` no_parameters: bool

    True if the execution style does not use parameters

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams

    bind parameters passed to the execute() or exec_driver_sql() methods.

    These are always stored as a list of parameter entries. A single-element list corresponds to a `cursor.execute()` call and a multiple-element list corresponds to `cursor.executemany()`, except in the case of `ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES` which will use `cursor.execute()` one or more times.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` post_exec()

    Called after the execution of a compiled statement.

    If a compiled statement was passed to this ExecutionContext, the last_insert_ids, last_inserted_params, etc. datamembers should be available after this method completes.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` postfetch_cols: util.generic_fn_descriptor[ Sequence [ Column [Any]] | None]

    a list of Column objects for which a server-side default or inline SQL expression value was fired off. Applies to inserts and updates.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` pre_exec()

    Called before an execution of a compiled statement.

    If a compiled statement was passed to this ExecutionContext, the statement and parameters datamembers must be initialized after this statement is complete.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` prefetch_cols: util.generic_fn_descriptor[ Sequence [ Column [Any]] | None]

    a list of Column objects for which a client-side default was fired off. Applies to inserts and updates.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.default.DefaultExecutionContext.` root_connection: Connection

    Connection object which is the source of this ExecutionContext.

class sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext

  Members

  compiled, connection, create_cursor(), cursor, dialect, engine, execute_style, executemany, execution_options, fetchall_for_returning(), fire_sequence(), get_out_parameter_values(), get_rowcount(), handle_dbapi_exception(), invoked_statement, isinsert, isupdate, lastrow_has_defaults(), no_parameters, parameters, post_exec(), postfetch_cols, pre_exec(), prefetch_cols, root_connection, statement

  A messenger object for a Dialect that corresponds to a single execution.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` compiled: Compiled | None

    if passed to constructor, sqlalchemy.engine.base.Compiled object being executed

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` connection: Connection

    Connection object which can be freely used by default value generators to execute SQL. This Connection should reference the same underlying connection/transactional resources of root_connection.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` create_cursor() → DBAPICursor

    Return a new cursor generated from this ExecutionContext’s connection.

    Some dialects may wish to change the behavior of connection.cursor(), such as postgresql which may return a PG “server side” cursor.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` cursor: DBAPICursor

    DB-API cursor procured from the connection

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` dialect: Dialect

    dialect which created this ExecutionContext.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` engine: Engine

    engine which the Connection is associated with

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` execute_style: ExecuteStyle

    the style of DBAPI cursor method that will be used to execute a statement.

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` executemany: bool

    True if the context has a list of more than one parameter set.

    Historically this attribute links to whether `cursor.execute()` or `cursor.executemany()` will be used. It also can now mean that “insertmanyvalues” may be used which indicates one or more `cursor.execute()` calls.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` execution_options: _ExecuteOptions

    Execution options associated with the current statement execution

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` fetchall_for_returning(cursor: DBAPICursor ) → Sequence[Any]

    For a RETURNING result, deliver cursor.fetchall() from the DBAPI cursor.

    This is a dialect-specific hook for dialects that have special considerations when calling upon the rows delivered for a “RETURNING” statement. Default implementation is `cursor.fetchall()`.

    This hook is currently used only by the insertmanyvalues feature. Dialects that don’t set `use_insertmanyvalues=True` don’t need to consider this hook.

    New in version 2.0.10.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` fire_sequence(seq: Sequence_SchemaItem, type_: Integer ) → int

    given a `Sequence`, invoke it and return the next int value

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` get_out_parameter_values(out_param_names: Sequence[str]) → Sequence[Any]

    Return a sequence of OUT parameter values from a cursor.

    For dialects that support OUT parameters, this method will be called when there is a `SQLCompiler` object which has the `SQLCompiler.has_out_parameters` flag set. This flag in turn will be set to True if the statement itself has `BindParameter` objects that have the `.isoutparam` flag set which are consumed by the `SQLCompiler.visit_bindparam()` method. If the dialect compiler produces `BindParameter` objects with `.isoutparam` set which are not handled by `SQLCompiler.visit_bindparam()`, it should set this flag explicitly.

    The list of names that were rendered for each bound parameter is passed to the method. The method should then return a sequence of values corresponding to the list of parameter objects. Unlike in previous SQLAlchemy versions, the values can be the raw values from the DBAPI; the execution context will apply the appropriate type handler based on what’s present in self.compiled.binds and update the values. The processed dictionary will then be made available via the `.out_parameters` collection on the result object. Note that SQLAlchemy 1.4 has multiple kinds of result object as part of the 2.0 transition.

    New in version 1.4: - added `ExecutionContext.get_out_parameter_values()`, which is invoked automatically by the `DefaultExecutionContext` when there are `BindParameter` objects with the `.isoutparam` flag set. This replaces the practice of setting out parameters within the now-removed `get_result_proxy()` method.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` get_rowcount() → int | None

    Return the DBAPI `cursor.rowcount` value, or in some cases an interpreted value.

    See `CursorResult.rowcount` for details on this.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` handle_dbapi_exception(e: BaseException) → None

    Receive a DBAPI exception which occurred upon execute, result fetch, etc.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` invoked_statement: Executable | None

    The Executable statement object that was given in the first place.

    This should be structurally equivalent to compiled.statement, but not necessarily the same object as in a caching scenario the compiled form will have been extracted from the cache.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` isinsert: bool

    True if the statement is an INSERT.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` isupdate: bool

    True if the statement is an UPDATE.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` lastrow_has_defaults() → bool

    Return True if the last INSERT or UPDATE row contained inlined or database-side defaults.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` no_parameters: bool

    True if the execution style does not use parameters

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` parameters: _AnyMultiExecuteParams

    bind parameters passed to the execute() or exec_driver_sql() methods.

    These are always stored as a list of parameter entries. A single-element list corresponds to a `cursor.execute()` call and a multiple-element list corresponds to `cursor.executemany()`, except in the case of `ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES` which will use `cursor.execute()` one or more times.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` post_exec() → None

    Called after the execution of a compiled statement.

    If a compiled statement was passed to this ExecutionContext, the last_insert_ids, last_inserted_params, etc. datamembers should be available after this method completes.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` postfetch_cols: util.generic_fn_descriptor[ Sequence [ Column [Any]] | None]

    a list of Column objects for which a server-side default or inline SQL expression value was fired off. Applies to inserts and updates.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` pre_exec() → None

    Called before an execution of a compiled statement.

    If a compiled statement was passed to this ExecutionContext, the statement and parameters datamembers must be initialized after this statement is complete.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` prefetch_cols: util.generic_fn_descriptor[ Sequence [ Column [Any]] | None]

    a list of Column objects for which a client-side default was fired off. Applies to inserts and updates.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` root_connection: Connection

    Connection object which is the source of this ExecutionContext.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.ExecutionContext.` statement: str

    string version of the statement to be executed. Is either passed to the constructor, or must be created from the sql.Compiled object by the time pre_exec() has completed.

class sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.ExpandedState

  represents state to use when producing “expanded” and “post compile” bound parameters for a statement.

  “expanded” parameters are parameters that are generated at statement execution time to suit a number of parameters passed, the most prominent example being the individual elements inside of an IN expression.

  “post compile” parameters are parameters where the SQL literal value will be rendered into the SQL statement at execution time, rather than being passed as separate parameters to the driver.

  To create an `ExpandedState` instance, use the `SQLCompiler.construct_expanded_state()` method on any `SQLCompiler` instance.

  Members

  additional_parameters, parameter_expansion, parameters, positional_parameters, positiontup, processors, statement

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.ExpandedState` (`builtins.tuple`)

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.ExpandedState.` additional_parameters

    synonym for `ExpandedState.parameters`.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.ExpandedState.` parameter_expansion: Mapping[str, List[str]]

    Mapping representing the intermediary link from original parameter name to list of “expanded” parameter names, for those parameters that were expanded.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.ExpandedState.` parameters: _CoreSingleExecuteParams

    Parameter dictionary with parameters fully expanded.

    For a statement that uses named parameters, this dictionary will map exactly to the names in the statement. For a statement that uses positional parameters, the `ExpandedState.positional_parameters` will yield a tuple with the positional parameter set.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.ExpandedState.` positional_parameters

    Tuple of positional parameters, for statements that were compiled using a positional paramstyle.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.ExpandedState.` positiontup: Sequence [str] | None

    Sequence of string names indicating the order of positional parameters

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.ExpandedState.` processors: Mapping[str, _BindProcessorType[Any]]

    mapping of bound value processors

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.ExpandedState.` statement: str

    String SQL statement with parameters fully expanded

class sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.GenericTypeCompiler

  Members

  ensure_kwarg

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.GenericTypeCompiler` (`sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.TypeCompiler`)

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.GenericTypeCompiler.` ensure_kwarg: str = 'visit_\\w+'

    inherited from the `TypeCompiler.ensure_kwarg` attribute of `TypeCompiler`

    a regular expression that indicates method names for which the method should accept `**kw` arguments.

    The class will scan for methods matching the name template and decorate them if necessary to ensure `**kw` parameters are accepted.

class sqlalchemy.log.Identified

class sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer

  Members

  __init__(), format_column(), format_label_name(), format_schema(), format_table(), format_table_seq(), quote(), quote_identifier(), quote_schema(), schema_for_object, unformat_identifiers(), validate_sql_phrase()

  Handle quoting and case-folding of identifiers based on options.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer.` __init__(dialect, initial_quote='"', final_quote=None, escape_quote='"', quote_case_sensitive_collations=True, omit_schema=False)

    Construct a new `IdentifierPreparer` object.

    initial_quote

      Character that begins a delimited identifier.

    final_quote

      Character that ends a delimited identifier. Defaults to initial_quote.

    omit_schema

      Prevent prepending schema name. Useful for databases that do not support schemae.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer.` format_column(column, use_table=False, name=None, table_name=None, use_schema=False, anon_map=None)

    Prepare a quoted column name.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer.` format_label_name(name, anon_map=None)

    Prepare a quoted column name.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer.` format_schema(name)

    Prepare a quoted schema name.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer.` format_table(table, use_schema=True, name=None)

    Prepare a quoted table and schema name.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer.` format_table_seq(table, use_schema=True)

    Format table name and schema as a tuple.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer.` quote(ident: str, force: Any = None) → str

    Conditionally quote an identifier.

    The identifier is quoted if it is a reserved word, contains quote-necessary characters, or is an instance of `quoted_name` which includes `quote` set to `True`.

    Subclasses can override this to provide database-dependent quoting behavior for identifier names.

    Parameters:

      - ident – string identifier

      - force –

        unused

        Deprecated since version 0.9: The `IdentifierPreparer.quote.force` parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. This flag has no effect on the behavior of the `IdentifierPreparer.quote()` method; please refer to `quoted_name`.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer.` quote_identifier(value: str) → str

    Quote an identifier.

    Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent quoting behavior.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer.` quote_schema(schema: str, force: Any = None) → str

    Conditionally quote a schema name.

    The name is quoted if it is a reserved word, contains quote-necessary characters, or is an instance of `quoted_name` which includes `quote` set to `True`.

    Subclasses can override this to provide database-dependent quoting behavior for schema names.

    Parameters:

      - schema – string schema name

      - force –

        unused

        Deprecated since version 0.9: The `IdentifierPreparer.quote_schema.force` parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. This flag has no effect on the behavior of the `IdentifierPreparer.quote()` method; please refer to `quoted_name`.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer.` schema_for_object: _SchemaForObjectCallable = operator.attrgetter('schema')

    Return the .schema attribute for an object.

    For the default IdentifierPreparer, the schema for an object is always the value of the “.schema” attribute. if the preparer is replaced with one that has a non-empty schema_translate_map, the value of the “.schema” attribute is rendered a symbol that will be converted to a real schema name from the mapping post-compile.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer.` unformat_identifiers(identifiers)

    Unpack ‘schema.table.column’-like strings into components.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer.` validate_sql_phrase(element, reg)

    keyword sequence filter.

    a filter for elements that are intended to represent keyword sequences, such as “INITIALLY”, “INITIALLY DEFERRED”, etc. no special characters should be present.

    New in version 1.3.

class sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler

  Default implementation of `Compiled`.

  Compiles `ClauseElement` objects into SQL strings.

  Members

  __init__(), ansi_bind_rules, bind_names, bindname_escape_characters, binds, bindtemplate, compilation_bindtemplate, construct_expanded_state(), construct_params(), current_executable, default_from(), delete_extra_from_clause(), delete_limit_clause(), effective_returning, escaped_bind_names, get_select_precolumns(), group_by_clause(), has_out_parameters, implicit_returning, insert_prefetch, insert_single_values_expr, isupdate, literal_execute_params, order_by_clause(), params, positiontup, post_compile_params, postfetch, postfetch_lastrowid, render_literal_value(), render_table_with_column_in_update_from, returning, returning_precedes_values, sql_compiler, stack, translate_select_structure, update_from_clause(), update_limit_clause(), update_prefetch, update_tables_clause(), visit_override_binds()

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler` (`sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.Compiled`)

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` __init__(dialect: Dialect, statement: ClauseElement | None, cache_key: CacheKey | None = None, column_keys: Sequence [str] | None = None, for_executemany: bool = False, linting: Linting = Linting.NO_LINTING, _supporting_against: SQLCompiler | None = None, **kwargs: Any)

    Construct a new `SQLCompiler` object.

    Parameters:

      - dialect – `Dialect` to be used

      - statement – `ClauseElement` to be compiled

      - column_keys – a list of column names to be compiled into an INSERT or UPDATE statement.

      - for_executemany – whether INSERT / UPDATE statements should expect that they are to be invoked in an “executemany” style, which may impact how the statement will be expected to return the values of defaults and autoincrement / sequences and similar. Depending on the backend and driver in use, support for retrieving these values may be disabled which means SQL expressions may be rendered inline, RETURNING may not be rendered, etc.

      - kwargs – additional keyword arguments to be consumed by the superclass.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` ansi_bind_rules: bool = False

    SQL 92 doesn’t allow bind parameters to be used in the columns clause of a SELECT, nor does it allow ambiguous expressions like “? = ?”. A compiler subclass can set this flag to False if the target driver/DB enforces this

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` bind_names: Dict[ BindParameter [Any], str]

    a dictionary of BindParameter instances to “compiled” names that are actually present in the generated SQL

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` bindname_escape_characters: ClassVar[Mapping[str, str]] = {' ': '_', '%': 'P', '(': 'A', ')': 'Z', '.': '_', ':': 'C', '[': '_', ']': '_'}

    A mapping (e.g. dict or similar) containing a lookup of characters keyed to replacement characters which will be applied to all ‘bind names’ used in SQL statements as a form of ‘escaping’; the given characters are replaced entirely with the ‘replacement’ character when rendered in the SQL statement, and a similar translation is performed on the incoming names used in parameter dictionaries passed to methods like `Connection.execute()`.

    This allows bound parameter names used in `bindparam()` and other constructs to have any arbitrary characters present without any concern for characters that aren’t allowed at all on the target database.

    Third party dialects can establish their own dictionary here to replace the default mapping, which will ensure that the particular characters in the mapping will never appear in a bound parameter name.

    The dictionary is evaluated at class creation time, so cannot be modified at runtime; it must be present on the class when the class is first declared.

    Note that for dialects that have additional bound parameter rules such as additional restrictions on leading characters, the `SQLCompiler.bindparam_string()` method may need to be augmented. See the cx_Oracle compiler for an example of this.

    New in version 2.0.0rc1.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` binds: Dict[str, BindParameter [Any]]

    a dictionary of bind parameter keys to BindParameter instances.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` bindtemplate: str

    template to render bound parameters based on paramstyle.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` compilation_bindtemplate: str

    template used by compiler to render parameters before positional paramstyle application

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` construct_expanded_state(params: _CoreSingleExecuteParams | None = None, escape_names: bool = True) → ExpandedState

    Return a new `ExpandedState` for a given parameter set.

    For queries that use “expanding” or other late-rendered parameters, this method will provide for both the finalized SQL string as well as the parameters that would be used for a particular parameter set.

    New in version 2.0.0rc1.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` construct_params(params: _CoreSingleExecuteParams | None = None, extracted_parameters: Sequence [ BindParameter [Any]] | None = None, escape_names: bool = True, _group_number: int | None = None, _check: bool = True, _no_postcompile: bool = False) → _MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams

    return a dictionary of bind parameter keys and values

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` current_executable

    Return the current ‘executable’ that is being compiled.

    This is currently the `Select`, `Insert`, `Update`, `Delete`, `CompoundSelect` object that is being compiled. Specifically it’s assigned to the `self.stack` list of elements.

    When a statement like the above is being compiled, it normally is also assigned to the `.statement` attribute of the `Compiler` object. However, all SQL constructs are ultimately nestable, and this attribute should never be consulted by a `visit_` method, as it is not guaranteed to be assigned nor guaranteed to correspond to the current statement being compiled.

    New in version 1.3.21: For compatibility with previous versions, use the following recipe:

        statement = getattr(self, "current_executable", False)
        if statement is False:
            statement = self.stack[-1]["selectable"]

    For versions 1.4 and above, ensure only .current_executable is used; the format of “self.stack” may change.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` default_from()

    Called when a SELECT statement has no froms, and no FROM clause is to be appended.

    Gives Oracle Database a chance to tack on a `FROM DUAL` to the string output.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` delete_extra_from_clause(update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw)

    Provide a hook to override the generation of an DELETE..FROM clause.

    This can be used to implement DELETE..USING for example.

    MySQL and MSSQL override this.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` delete_limit_clause(delete_stmt)

    Provide a hook for MySQL to add LIMIT to the DELETE

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` effective_returning

    The effective “returning” columns for INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE.

    This is either the so-called “implicit returning” columns which are calculated by the compiler on the fly, or those present based on what’s present in `self.statement._returning` (expanded into individual columns using the `._all_selected_columns` attribute) i.e. those set explicitly using the `UpdateBase.returning()` method.

    New in version 2.0.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` escaped_bind_names: util.immutabledict[str, str] = {}

    Late escaping of bound parameter names that has to be converted to the original name when looking in the parameter dictionary.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` get_select_precolumns(select, **kw)

    Called when building a `SELECT` statement, position is just before column list.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` group_by_clause(select, **kw)

    allow dialects to customize how GROUP BY is rendered.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` has_out_parameters = False

    if True, there are bindparam() objects that have the isoutparam flag set.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` implicit_returning: Sequence [ ColumnElement [Any]] | None = None

    list of “implicit” returning columns for a toplevel INSERT or UPDATE statement, used to receive newly generated values of columns.

    New in version 2.0: `implicit_returning` replaces the previous `returning` collection, which was not a generalized RETURNING collection and instead was in fact specific to the “implicit returning” feature.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` insert_prefetch: Sequence [ Column [Any]] = ()

    list of columns for which default values should be evaluated before an INSERT takes place

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` insert_single_values_expr

    When an INSERT is compiled with a single set of parameters inside a VALUES expression, the string is assigned here, where it can be used for insert batching schemes to rewrite the VALUES expression.

    New in version 1.3.8.

    Changed in version 2.0: This collection is no longer used by SQLAlchemy’s built-in dialects, in favor of the currently internal `_insertmanyvalues` collection that is used only by `SQLCompiler`.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` isupdate: bool = False

    class-level defaults which can be set at the instance level to define if this Compiled instance represents INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` literal_execute_params: FrozenSet[ BindParameter [Any]] = frozenset({})

    bindparameter objects that are rendered as literal values at statement execution time.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` order_by_clause(select, **kw)

    allow dialects to customize how ORDER BY is rendered.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` params

    Return the bind param dictionary embedded into this compiled object, for those values that are present.

    See also

    How do I render SQL expressions as strings, possibly with bound parameters inlined? - includes a usage example for debugging use cases.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` positiontup: List[str] | None = None

    for a compiled construct that uses a positional paramstyle, will be a sequence of strings, indicating the names of bound parameters in order.

    This is used in order to render bound parameters in their correct order, and is combined with the `Compiled.params` dictionary to render parameters.

    This sequence always contains the unescaped name of the parameters.

    See also

    How do I render SQL expressions as strings, possibly with bound parameters inlined? - includes a usage example for debugging use cases.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` post_compile_params: FrozenSet[ BindParameter [Any]] = frozenset({})

    bindparameter objects that are rendered as bound parameter placeholders at statement execution time.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` postfetch: List[ Column [Any]] | None

    list of columns that can be post-fetched after INSERT or UPDATE to receive server-updated values

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` postfetch_lastrowid = False

    if True, and this in insert, use cursor.lastrowid to populate result.inserted_primary_key.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` render_literal_value(value, type_)

    Render the value of a bind parameter as a quoted literal.

    This is used for statement sections that do not accept bind parameters on the target driver/database.

    This should be implemented by subclasses using the quoting services of the DBAPI.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` render_table_with_column_in_update_from: bool = False

    set to True classwide to indicate the SET clause in a multi-table UPDATE statement should qualify columns with the table name (i.e. MySQL only)

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` returning

    backwards compatibility; returns the effective_returning collection.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` returning_precedes_values: bool = False

    set to True classwide to generate RETURNING clauses before the VALUES or WHERE clause (i.e. MSSQL)

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` sql_compiler
  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` stack: List[_CompilerStackEntry]

    major statements such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE are tracked in this stack using an entry format.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` translate_select_structure: Any = None

    if not `None`, should be a callable which accepts `(select_stmt, **kw)` and returns a select object. this is used for structural changes mostly to accommodate for LIMIT/OFFSET schemes

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` update_from_clause(update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw)

    Provide a hook to override the generation of an UPDATE..FROM clause.

    MySQL and MSSQL override this.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` update_limit_clause(update_stmt)

    Provide a hook for MySQL to add LIMIT to the UPDATE

  attribute `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` update_prefetch: Sequence [ Column [Any]] = ()

    list of columns for which onupdate default values should be evaluated before an UPDATE takes place

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` update_tables_clause(update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, **kw)

    Provide a hook to override the initial table clause in an UPDATE statement.

    MySQL overrides this.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler.` visit_override_binds(override_binds, **kw)

    SQL compile the nested element of an _OverrideBinds with bindparams swapped out.

    The _OverrideBinds is not normally expected to be compiled; it is meant to be used when an already cached statement is to be used, the compilation was already performed, and only the bound params should be swapped in at execution time.

    However, there are test cases that exericise this object, and additionally the ORM subquery loader is known to feed in expressions which include this construct into new queries (discovered in #11173), so it has to do the right thing at compile time as well.

class sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.StrSQLCompiler

  A `SQLCompiler` subclass which allows a small selection of non-standard SQL features to render into a string value.

  The `StrSQLCompiler` is invoked whenever a Core expression element is directly stringified without calling upon the `ClauseElement.compile()` method. It can render a limited set of non-standard SQL constructs to assist in basic stringification, however for more substantial custom or dialect-specific SQL constructs, it will be necessary to make use of `ClauseElement.compile()` directly.

  See also

  How do I render SQL expressions as strings, possibly with bound parameters inlined?

  Members

  delete_extra_from_clause(), update_from_clause()

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.StrSQLCompiler` (`sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler`)

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.StrSQLCompiler.` delete_extra_from_clause(update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw)

    Provide a hook to override the generation of an DELETE..FROM clause.

    This can be used to implement DELETE..USING for example.

    MySQL and MSSQL override this.

  method `sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.StrSQLCompiler.` update_from_clause(update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw)

    Provide a hook to override the generation of an UPDATE..FROM clause.

    MySQL and MSSQL override this.

class sqlalchemy.engine.AdaptedConnection

  Interface of an adapted connection object to support the DBAPI protocol.

  Used by asyncio dialects to provide a sync-style pep-249 facade on top of the asyncio connection/cursor API provided by the driver.

  Members

  driver_connection, run_async()

  New in version 1.4.24.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.AdaptedConnection.` driver_connection

    The connection object as returned by the driver after a connect.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.AdaptedConnection.` run_async(fn: Callable[[Any], Awaitable[_T]]) → _T

    Run the awaitable returned by the given function, which is passed the raw asyncio driver connection.

    This is used to invoke awaitable-only methods on the driver connection within the context of a “synchronous” method, like a connection pool event handler.

    E.g.:

        engine = create_async_engine(...)

        @event.listens_for(engine.sync_engine, "connect")
        def register_custom_types(
            dbapi_connection,  # ...
        ):
            dbapi_connection.run_async(
                lambda connection: connection.set_type_codec(
                    "MyCustomType", encoder, decoder, ...
                )
            )

    New in version 1.4.30.

    See also

    Using awaitable-only driver methods in connection pool and other events